@article {600, title = {Ficus religiosa Tree Leaves as Bioindicators of Heavy Metals in Gorakhpur City, Uttar Pradesh, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {416-420}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {416}, abstract = {

Objective: The present work investigates the metal uptake of the plant Ficus religiosa leaves collected from nine experimental sites in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh. Materials and Methods: The concentration of lead in leaves was determined with help of atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: The level of the lead in leaves of Ficus religiosa was much higher than the limits recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). The bioaccumulation of lead was highest in site 2 (Gayatri nagar) i.e. 14.1 mg kg-1 dry weight of F. religiosa. To determine the relationship between the lead concentration in leaves and traffic density the Pearson\’s correlation analysis has been performed. Conclusion: The value of Pearson\’s correlation coefficient was positive indicating that the traffic density plays an important role in the lead pollution in plants.

}, keywords = {Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Lead, Metal}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.68}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/501}, author = {Pooja Agrahari and Richa R and Kumari Swati and Supriya Rai and Vinay Kumar Singh and Dinesh Kumar Singh} } @article {364, title = {Chlorophyllin Treatment Against the Snail Lymnaea acuminata: A new tool in Fasciolosis Control}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {594-598}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {594}, abstract = {

Objective: To observe the toxicity of chlorophyllin against Lymnaea acuminata to control fasciolosis caused by liver fluke fasciola gigantica, very prominent in eastern region of Uttar Pradesh. Materials and Methods: Ten snails Lymnaea acuminata were placed in a glass aquarium containing 3 L of dechlorinated tap water. These snails were treated with different concentrations of chlorophyllin. Chlorophyll was extracted from spinach with the help of macerated leaves and kept for 2 h in 100\% ethanol at 55\ºC. Results: The results of the experiment showed that the photodynamically active chlorophyllin, at low concentration was able to kill the snails under exposure of solar radiation in summer season instead of winter season. In winter, extracted chlorophyllin toxicity against L. acuminata in sunlight (96 h LC50 91.82 mg L-1) /laboratory condition (96 h LC50 921.93 mg L-1) was less than pure chlorophyllin in sunlight (96 h LC50 12.05 mg L-1) /laboratory condition (96 h LC5019.22 mg L-1), respectively. In summer, pure chlorophyllin was more toxic in sunlight (96 h LC50 3.90 mg L-1) than laboratory condition (96 h LC50 7.18 mg L-1). Pure chlorophyllin is more than five times toxic than synthetic molluscicides. Treatment of chlorophyllin caused no toxic effect against the fish (Colisa fasciatus). The result presented in this paper is found very beneficial and ecologically safe, as a photodynamic substance chlorophyllin, which found in every green plant. Conclusion: Phytotherapy of snails by photodynamic water soluble chlorophyllin to control fasciolosis can be used as potent molluscicides with low cost and easily biodegradable.

}, keywords = {Chlorophyllin, Fasciola Gigantica, Fasciolosis, Lymnaea acuminata, Photodynamic Reaction., Plant Molluscicide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.94}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.94/index.html}, author = {Kavita Singh and D.K. Singh and Vinay Kumar Singh} } @article {243, title = {Inhibition Kinetics of Acetylcholinesterase and Phosphatases by the Active Constituents of Terminalia arjuna and Tamarindus indica in the Cerebral Ganglion of Lymnaea acuminata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {148-156}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {148}, abstract = {

Introduction: Paper demonstrates effect of the active molluscicidal components arjunolic acid (Terminalia arjuna bark) and procynadine (Tamarindus indica seed) on the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and phosphatases (ACP/ALP) in the cerebral ganglion of snail Lymnaea acuminata. Materials and Methods: Kinetics of AChE/ACP/ ALP inhibition in the cerebral ganglion of snail Lymnaea acuminata was studied via in vivo (40\% and 80\% of 96 h LC50) and in vitro treatments (0.3 g to 7.0 g) of the column purified fractions, arjunolic acid and procynadine. Results: In vivo exposure of procynadine and arjunolic acid significantly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in the cerebral ganglion of L. acuminata exposed to 80\% of 96h LC50. In in vitro treatment maximum inhibition in AChE/ACP/ALP activities in the cerebral ganglion of snail were noted when exposed to 7.0 g of arjunolic acid and 0.9 g of procynadine. Column purified fraction of T. arjuna bark and T. indica seed caused non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibition of AChE activity, respectively. Column purified fraction and arjunolic acid of T. arjuna bark caused uncompetitive inhibition of ACP while column purified fraction and procynadine of T. indica seed caused competitive inhibition. Competitivenon- competitive inhibition of ALP activity in the cerebral ganglion of L. acuminata was observed after treatment of column purified active components of both plants. Conclusions: The molluscicidal activity of T. arjuna bark (arjunolic acid) and T. indica seed (procynadine) against snail L. acuminata is due to the inhibition of AChE/ACP/ ALP. Their inhibition kinetics against AChE/ACP/ALP, were different in cerebral ganglion of snail.

}, keywords = {Arjunolic acid, Enzymes, Lymnaea acuminata, Procynadine, Tamarindus indica, Terminalia arjuna}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.25}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/292}, author = {Neelam Soni and Dinesh Kumar Singh and Vinay Kumar Singh} } @article {399, title = {Photodynamic Toxicity of Chlorophyllin against Fasciola gigantica Carrier Snail Indoplanorbis exustus in Visible Spectral Band}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {729-736}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {729}, abstract = {

Background: Fasciolosis is one of the most debilitating diseases caused by liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Snail Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae is the intermediate host of these flukes. Snail population management is a good tool to control fasciolosis because gastropods represent the weakest link in the life-cycle of trematode. Aim of the present study is to explore the molluscicidal activity of chlorophyllin in visible spectral band against Fasciola gigantica carrier snail Indoplanorbis exustus. Methods: Chlorophyll was transformed into water-soluble chlorophyllin in 100\% ethanol by using different types of chemicals. Ten snails Indoplanorbis exustus were placed in a glass aquarium containing 3 L of dechlorinated tap water. These snails were treated with different concentrations of chlorophyllin in sunlight as well as exposed to different visible spectral band of light. Results: Pure chlorophyllin (96 h LC50 6.54 mg/l) in sunlight was more toxic than extracted chlorophyllin (96 h LC50 939.65 mg/l). There was a significant variation in the toxicity of chlorophyllin with snails, exposed to visible spectral band of light. The highest and lowest toxicity of chlorophyllin against I. exustus was noted in yellow light (96 h LC50 2016.79 mg/l) and green light (96 h LC50 2433.16 mg/l). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) study reveals that the active molluscicidal component extracted in spinach leaves is chlorophyllin. Conclusion: Due to the photodynamic nature of chlorophyllin, it has the potential to control the population of vector snails and ultimately fasciolosis in developing countries.

}, keywords = {Chlorophyllin, Fasciolosis, Indoplanorbis exustus, Photodynamic Product, Visible light band.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.115}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/168}, author = {Divya Chaturvedi and Dinesh Kumar Singh and Vinay Kumar Singh} }