@article {1879, title = {Subacute Toxicity Test of Hydrocotyle Sibthorpioides Lam. Extract on Histopathological Images of Liver and Kidney of White Male Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {619-626}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {619}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. in Indonesia known as pegagan embun. It has been used to increase the immune system and has been shown to have immunostimulating, anti-inflammatory and hematopoietic effects. However, there is no scientific evidence that shows this plant is safe for long-term use. Based on that circumstance, this study aimed to measure the safety of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) ethanol extract activities on liver and kidney histopathology. Aim: The study aimed to measure the safety of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) ethanol extract activities on liver and kidney histopathology. Material and Method: Ethanol extract used because all the active compounds in plants extracted as a whole, and it cheaper and more efficient in the extraction process. Determine as many thirty-six white male mice as test animals and separate them into eight treatment groups. The administrated ethanol extract of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) at doses of 7, 35, and 150 mg/kg BW for 7, 14, and 21 days. On days 8th, 15th, and 22nd, three white male mice collected from each treatment group and collected their liver and kidney. The data analysed used a T-test with IBM SPSS type 24. Result: LD50 of ethanol extract of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. \> 15,000 mg/kg means practically not toxic. The results showed that the administration of extract Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. for 7, 14, and 21 days showed a non-significant effect on any histological damage to the liver of male white mice at doses of 7 and 35 mg/kg BW (normal histology). The non-significant effect also occurs at150 mg/kg BW for 7 days; however, it caused mild damage at a dose of 150 mg/kg BW for 14 days and moderate damage at 150 mg/kg BW for 21 days. In renal histopathology, doses of 7 mg/kg BW. for 7, 14, and 21 days showed normal histology and doses of 35 mg/kg BW for 7, 14, and 21 days showed minimal damage. The administration at doses of 150 mg/kg BW for 7 days showed mild damage, while a dose of 150 mg/kg BW for 14 and 21 days showed moderate damage. Conclusion: It concluded that the administration of extract of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. did not cause severe damage to the histology of the liver and kidneys of white male mice.

}, keywords = {Histopathology, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam., Kidney, LD50, Liver, Subacute.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.144}, author = {Afriwardi and Rahmad Abdillah and Elidahanum Husni and Hafifah Hardini and Khalila Tri Syahbani Zuler and Aditya Alqamal Alianta and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1370, title = {Cytotoxicity Study of Ethanol Extract of Bintangor Leaf (Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f) on T47D Breast Cancer Cell Line (Cytotoxicity Study with MTT Assay Method)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {362-367}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {362}, abstract = {

Introduction: The public has used Bintangor leaf (Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f) for various medical treatments, including treated inflamed eyes and gout. Aim: This research aimed to determine the cytotoxic effect of ethanol extract and fraction of Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f leaf toward T47D breast cancer cell. Methods: The test used T47D breast cancer cells, the 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test method, and ELISA Reader to determine the absorbance. This method{\textquoteright}s principle was the presence of tetrazolium salts by the reductase system in the mitochondria of living cells formed purple formazan crystals. The used parameter was the value of IC50. Results: The result showed that ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and butanol fraction did not have a cytotoxic effect on T47D breast cancer cell. The values of IC50 respectively are 585.31 μg/ml; 409.33 μg/ ml; 534.08 μg/ml; and 563.22 μg/ml. Conclusion: Ethanol extract and Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f leaf fraction did not have a cytotoxic effect on T47D breast cancer cells.

}, keywords = {Bintangor Leaf, Breast Cancer Line, Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f, Cytotoxicity, MTT Assay, T47D}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.46}, author = {Elidahanum Husni and Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Hanifa Nurul Fitri and Elsa Badriyya} } @article {1416, title = {The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Moringa Leaf (Moringa oleifera Lam) Against the Activity and Capacity of Phagocytosis of Macrofag Cells and the Percentage of Leukosit Cells of White Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {706-712}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {706}, abstract = {

Aim: This study aims to determine the activity, capacity of macrophage phagocytosis, and percentage of leukocyte cells of male mice treated with the ethanol extract of moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera Lam). Methods: Twenty male mice were divided into four equal groups. The extract was administered orally for seven days at a dose of 10; 30; 100 mg/kg; and 0.5\% CMC Na suspension as a negative control. On the 8th day, the percentage of blood cell leukocytes in mice tail was calculated using a microscope. Suspension of Staphylococcus aureus was injected intraperitoneally. The peritoneal fluid was taken to figure the activity and capacity of macrophage cell phagocytosis. The activity and capacity of macrophage cells are calculated using a microscope. The data were statistically analyzed by the one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) method and Duncan test. Results: The results showed that giving oral ethanol extract of Moringa leaves on male could increase macrophage activity and capacity, increasing dose, macrophage activity number, and capacity increased. The highest activity and capacity was achieved at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Moringa leaf extract can also increase the percentage of banded neutrophil, lymphocytes, eosinophil cells and decrease the percentage of neutrophil cell segments and monocytes from male white mice. The highest percentage of banded neutrophil, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and reductions in the percentage of neutrophil cell segments, monocytes present at doses of 100 mg/kg. Conclusion: From the result, it can conclude that ethaol extract of Moringa Leaf can increase the activity and capacity of macrophages and percentage of neutrophils.

}, keywords = {macrophage cell, Moringa oleifera Lam, Phagocytosis, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.90}, author = {Elidahanum Husni and Elsa Badriyya and Luqyana Putri and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1606, title = {Ethanol Extract Activity of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) Against Hematopoietic on Anemic Male White Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {866-873}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {866}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) is known to have many benefits, including as a blood booster. This study aims to determine the activity of pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) on the formation of red blood cells. The parameters include the number of erythrocytes, reticulocytes, hemoglobin levels, and hematocrit values in anemic male white mice induced by chloramphenicol 130 mg/kg for 14 days. Methods: Anemic mice consisted of 4 groups, namely the first group was given physiological NaCl, the second, third, and fourth groups were given ethanol extract of pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) at a dose of 10, 50 and 100 mg/kgper oral every day, for 14 days. Observations were made on days 0, 14, 21, and 28. Results: The results showed that administration of pegagan embun extracts at a dose of 10, 50, and 100 mg/kgto anemic male white mice significantly increase the number of erythrocyte cells, the number of reticulocytes, the hemoglobin levels, and the hematocrit values (p \<0.05). Increasing the dose and duration of pegagan embun extract administration could provide a more significant increase in the hematopoietic parameters (p \<0.05). Conclusion:It can be concluded that the extract of pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) can be used to treat anemia in male white mice.

}, keywords = {erythrocytes, Extract of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L., Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Reticulocytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.111}, author = {Elidahanum Husni and Dwisari Dillasamola and Elsa Badriyya and Resta Angelia and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1684, title = {Immunostimulant Activity of Pegagan Embun Herbs Extract (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) With Carbon Clearance Method Towards Male White Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1472-1477}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1472}, abstract = {

Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) has been used traditionally to cure various diseases such as anti-inflammatory, neutralizing toxins, dysentery, and others. This study aims to determine the immunostimulant effect of pegagan embun herbs extract using the carbon clearance method, the number, and the percentage of leukocyte cells. In this study, 25 male white mice were used, which were divided into five groups, groups 1, 2, and 3 given pegagan embun herbs extract in a dose of 10 mg/kgbw; 50 mg/ kgbw; 200 mg/kgbw, group 4 was given 0,5\% Na CMC, and group 5 were given stimuno 50 mg/kgbw. The preparation is given orally for seven consecutive days. On the eighth day, the phagocytosis index, number, and percentage of leukocyte cells were determined. The results showed that pegagan embun herbs extract has immunostimulant activity. The phagocytosis index of the 10 mg/kgbw dose group is 1.0211, 1.27796 for the 50 mg/kgbw, and 1.5250 for the 200 mg/kgbw. Then, the number of leukocytes of the 10, 500, and 200 mg/kgbw are 8.820/μL, 9.906/μL, and 10.790/μL, respectively. The percentage of lymphocyte cells are 58,5\%, 60,6\% and 62,8\%, and for segment neutrophil cells were 26\%, 27,6\% and 30\% for group 10, 50, and 200 mg/kgbw extract. Based on the results, that the pegagan embun herbs extract has immunostimulant activity against male white mice.

}, keywords = {Carbon clearance, Eosinophil, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam., Immunostimulants, Leukocyte, Lymphocytes, Neutrophil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.187}, author = {Afriwardi and Afdhila Fitri and Elidahanum Husni and Elsa Badriyya and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1665, title = {Standardization Extracts and Simplicia of Limau Sundai Peel (Citrus x aurantiifolia {\textquoteright}sundai{\textquoteright}), Determine Content of Nobiletin and Antibacterial Activity Test}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1323-1331}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1323}, abstract = {

Introduction: One type of oranges typical of West Sumatra, which is widely used as traditional medicine is sundai lime (Citrus x aurantiifolia {\textquoteright}sundai{\textquoteright}); Aims: therefore, it is necessary to standardize extracts and Simplicia, determine the content of nobiletin, and antibacterial activity test. Methods: The standardization method was used refer to Farmakope Herbal Indonesia. TLC Densitometry was used to determine the content of the nobiletin, and the diffusion method to antibacterial activity test. To get a good standardization, the sundai lime was taken from three regions: Bukittinggi, Pariaman, and Solok. Results: From these three regions, conclusions drawn from the macroscopic fruit peel slices were uneven and had distinctive odors. The outer surface is brown, and the inner surface is yellowish-white. From the microscopic was identified fragments in sundai lime peels consisting of hair covering, ladder-shaped transport, parenchyma with secretion cells, oxalate crystals, and parenchyma tissue and stomata. Water-soluble extract content of Simplicia <= 24.90 \%, and ethanol-soluble extract content <= 17.66 \%. Non-specific parameters are loss on drying <= 5.65 \%, total ash content <= 5.14 \%, and acid insoluble ash content <= 0.80 \%. The specific parameters were crude extract, black, characteristic odor, Rf of nobiletin was 0.75. Rendement extract >= 18.80 \%. Non-specific parameters of extract were water content <= 18.37 \%, total ash content <= 3.93 \%, and non-acidic ash content <= 0.27 \%. The nobiletin content in the sundai lime extract Pariaman was 0.33 \%, Solok 0.59 \%, and Bukittinggi 0.47 \%. The antibacterial test with diffusion method in three regions has moderate activities as concentrations of 20\% and 15\%. Conclusion: Sundai lime had Antibacterial activity.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Citrus x aurantiifolia({\textquoteright}sundai{\textquoteright}), Nobiletin, standardization, Sundai lime peel fruit, TLC Densitometry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.167}, author = {Elidahanum Husni and Friardi Ismed and Awaliana} } @article {1077, title = {Activity of Kincung Flowers (Etlingera Elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) on Total Leukocytes and Percentage of Leukocytes in Allergic Male White Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {44-51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Introduction: Kincung Flower (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) is a native herbal plant in Southeast Asia that traditionally used to many diseases, especially in Indonesia. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the activity of kincung (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) on the total number of leukocytes and differential leukocyte cells in allergic mice. Material and Methods: The semi-solid extract of Kincung flower (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) was made by the maceration method using 70\% ethanol solvent. The animals used were 20 male white mice that have allergies of skin that treated with 20\% albumen antigens given on the first day 0.2 mL/20 g intraperitoneally, then on the seventh day are given antigens with the same dose subcutaneously. Allergic mice indicated by redness at the injection site. It divided into four groups: the negative control group and three dose groups (100; 300; and 1000 mg/kg). On the seventh day after administration of the extract, observed the value of total leukocytes and differential leukocyte cells in mice. Results: The results after administration of extracts in 3 dose groups (100; 300; and 1000 mg / kg) and the negative control group showed sequentially the total number of leukocytes was: 3.95; 4.73; 6.01; and 3.6 x103/μL and the percentage of leukocytes consisting of lymphocytes: 67.6\%; 62.0\%; 56.8\% and 70.0\%, neutrophils: 22.4\%; 29.2\%; 36.8\% and 20.0\%, eosinophils: 6.4\%; 5.8\%, 4.2\% and 6.6\%, monocytes: 3.6\%; 3.0\%, 2.2\% and 3.4\%, and basophils: 1.8\%; 1.4; 0.8\% and 2.0\%. It concluded that kincung flowers could increase total leukocytes significantly (p\<0.05), decrease lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils significantly (p\<0.05), increase neutrophils significantly (p\<0.05), and reduce monocytes insignificantly (p\>0.05). Conclusion: Kincung flowers (Etlingera Elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) can be used as an immunomodulator and decreasing the percentage of basophil cells, and eosinophils can used as an anti-allergic drug.

}, keywords = {Allergies, Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm, Kincung Flower, Leukocyte Percentage, Mice, Total Leukocytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.8}, author = {Yufri Aldi and Elidahanum Husni and Relin Yesika} } @article {1164, title = {The Extract of Kincung Flower (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) Activity to Decrease IL-4 and IgE Levels in Type I Hypersensitivity White Male Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {682-686}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {682}, abstract = {

Introduction: Kincung Flower (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) is a herbal plant which contains many secondary metabolites. It showed to suppress allergic reactions by inhibiting mast cell degranulation, active cutaneous anaphylaxis and decreasing the number of basophils and eosinophils. Aim: The study conducted to determine the decreased IL-4 and IgE level of type I hypersensitivity male white mice using kincung flowers extract. Materials and Methods: The maceration method used to make ethanol extract of Kincung flower (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.). The research used 25 allergic male white mice, which made by injected 20\% albumen that given on the first day 0.2 mL/20 g intraperitoneally. On the seventh day are given albumen with the same dose subcutaneously. The characteristic of the allergic mice is the redness at the injection site. It divided into five groups: the negative control group, the positive control group and three dose groups (100; 300; and 1000 mg/kg). After mice given extract for seven days, then measured IgE and IL-4 levels in the serum of mice. Results: The results after three dose groups (100; 300; and 1000 mg/kg) given, the negative and positive control group showed sequentially the IL-4 level was: 33.024; 27.933; 25.192; 23.130 and 41.538 ng/ mL. And IgE level in serum was 0.944; 0.629; 0.210; and 1,597 μg/ mL. Conclusion: It concluded that kincung flowers decreased IL-4 and IgE level significantly (p\<0.05). So it could use as an anti-allergic drug.

}, keywords = {Allergies, Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm, IgE, IL-4, Kincung Flower, Mice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.100}, author = {Elidahanum Husni and Relin Yesika and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1175, title = {Standardization Study of Simplicia and Extract of Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) Peel, Quantification of Hesperidin and Antibacterial Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {777-783}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {777}, abstract = {

Introduction: Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) is a commodity which is widely grown in Indonesia, including in western Sumatera. Aim: This study was conducted to Standardization Study of Simplicia and Extract of Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) Peel, Quantification of Hesperidin and Antibacterial Assay. Materials\ and Methods: The semi-solid extract of Calamondin peel was made by the maceration method using 70\% ethanol solvent. Then standardization study chamomile extract (Organoleptic examination of extracts, Chromatographic analysis, Total Ash, Acid-insoluble ash, Water content), quantification of hesperidin by TLC-densitometry method and antibacterial activity assay for diffusion method. The antibacterial activity of extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis\ and Pseudomonas aeruginous. Results: The organoleptic properties of the calamondin peel showed that the outer surface was brown and the inside was yellow, slightly smelly and sour taste. Microscopic characterizations obtained identifiers of calcium oxalate crystal fragments, fibers, parenchyma with oil cells, ladder-shaped transport tissue. Water and alcohol-soluble extractive are not less than 19.73\% {\textpm} 0.97\% and 10.26\% {\textpm} 0.25\%, loss on drying is not more than 10.78\% {\textpm} 0.05\% and the total and acidinsoluble ash is not more than 4.33\% {\textpm} 0.03\% and 1.01\% {\textpm} 0.07\%. The calamondin peel extract is described in the form of thick extract, a specific smell, a black color, bitter taste and yield not less than 25.33\% {\textpm} 1.3\%. Quantification of hesperidin obtained not less than 4.78\% {\textpm} 0.09\%, a water content of no more than 17.47\% {\textpm} 0.82\% and the total ash content and acid insoluble ash are not more than 4.65\% {\textpm} 0.06\% and 0.13\% {\textpm} 0.04\%. Antibacterial activity of extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginous at 15\% concentration with inhibitory diameter range of 7.65 mm {\textpm} 0.36 mm to 9.96 mm {\textpm} 0.52 mm and at a concentration of 20\% with inhibitory diameter ranges of 9.26 mm {\textpm} 0.72 mm to 13.39 mm {\textpm} 0.28 mm. Conclusion: Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) peel have antioxidant and antibacterial activity.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidants, Citrus microcarpa Bunge, Hesperidin, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.111}, author = {Elidahanum Husni and Friardi Ismed and Dony Afriyandi} } @article {1293, title = {Topical Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Bromelain}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1586-1593}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1586}, abstract = {

Introduction: Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme found in pineapple plants. Aim: This study conducted to determine the activity of bromelain enzyme as an anti-inflammatory using the Granuloma Pouch method. Methods: The experimental animals were divided into five groups, namely the positive control group, the bromelain concentration group of 0.1\%; 0.5\%; 1\%, and the comparison group. Experimental animals induced carrageenan 2\% subcutaneously. The dosage form is given topically for 2, 4, and 6 days. The observation was made by measuring the volume of edema, the total number, and the percentage of leukocyte cells on days 2, 4, and 6. Results: The observation results of a positive control group, bromelain concentration 0.1\%, 0.5\%, 1\%, and the comparators, there was a significant decrease for the volume of exudate on days 2, 4, and 6 (p\<0.05). The average total number of leukocytes also decreased significantly (p\<0.05) in the positive control, the bromelain, and comparison group in day 2, 4, and 6. At the same time, the mean leucocyte percentage had no effect (p\>0.05). Conclusion: From the results of the study, it was concluded that the bromelain enzyme at concentration 0.1\%, 0.5\%, and 1\% have an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing the volume of exudate, and the total number of leucocyte.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Bromelain, Exudate, Gel, Granuloma, Leukocyte}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.217}, author = {Elsa Badriyya and Salman and Amalia Refina Pratiwi and Dwisari Dillasamola and Yufri Aldi and Elidahanum Husni} }