@article {1340, title = {Pharmacognostic Specification and Rotenone Content in Derris elliptica Stems}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {124-132}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Introduction: Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. (Leguminosae) is the tropical plant which has been used as natural poison as well as veterinary medicine due to its best-known phytochemical compound, rotenone to kill invertebrates and fish. However, there is no report on pharmacognostic specification and quantification of rotenone content from D. elliptica stems. Objective: This present study aimed to conduct the pharmacognostic parameters as well as to conduct the validated methods to quantify rotenone content in D. elliptica stems following WHO guideline. Methods: Dried D. elliptica stems from 15 different areas in Thailand were examined for pharmacognostic secification. Their rotenone contents were quantitatively analyzed by TLC densitometry using winCATS software as well as TLC-image analysis using ImageJ free software. Results: Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, TLC fingerprint and physicochemical parameters were reported in this study. The water content, loss on drying, total ash content and acidinsoluble ash content were determined to be 8.81{\textpm}1.30, 5.77 {\textpm}0.92, 7.35{\textpm}0.63, 1.221{\textpm}0.20\%, respectively. The ethanol, and water-soluble extractive values were found to be 4.07{\textpm}1.23 and 11.31{\textpm}1.68\%, respectively. Additionally, the validation method for quantification of rotenone content was developed. The contents of rotenone in D. elliptica stem ethanolic extract evaluated by TLC-densitometry and TLC-image analysis were found to be 0.2870{\textpm}0.1242 and 0.2844{\textpm}0.1209\% by dried weight, respectively. The result between these two analytical methods were shown no significant difference. Conclusion: The validated methods were able to effectively quantify rotenone content in D. elliptica stems from various locations in Thailand which could be used for the specification of this raw material with reference to its chemical marker. Thus, this study provides the necessary and adequate information for authentication and standardization of D. elliptica stems.

}, keywords = {Quality evaluation, TLC-densitometry, TLC-image analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.17}, author = {Krittapat Phairoh and Parichart Hongsing and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {1649, title = {Pharmacognostic Specifications, RP-HPLC Analysis of Chlorogenic Acid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Morus alba Linn. Leaves in Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1186-1194}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1186}, abstract = {

Background: Morus alba Linn. leaves have been widely used as herbal medicine with therapeutics and contain chlorogenic acid as a bioactive phenolic compound. Objective: The present study aimed to conduct the pharmacognostic specifications of M. alba leaves and the method validation for quantification of chlorogenic acid content. Materials and Methods: Macroscopic- and microscopic characteristics, physicochemical parameters combined with quantification of chlorogenic acid in M. alba leaves collected from 15 sources throughout Thailand and their antioxidant activity were reported in this study. Results: The physicochemical parameters of M. alba leaves were determined by indicating water content (7.97 {\textpm} 0.35\%), loss on drying (4.55 {\textpm} 0.21\%), total ash (14.38 {\textpm} 0.25\%), acid-insoluble ash (6.21 {\textpm} 0.37\%), water-extractive value (16.14 {\textpm} 0.50\%) and ethanol-extractive value (8.61 {\textpm} 0.39\%). In addition, the chlorogenic acid contents in M. alba leaves were found to be 0.4159 {\textpm} 0.1958 g/100g dry weight. The ethanolic leaf extracts exhibited their antioxidant activity with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values (326.09{\textendash}467.55 μg/mL). Conclusion: This study showed the establishment of pharmacognostic study of M. alba leaves and validation of the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC) quantitative analysis of their chlorogenic acid contents, which are applicable to be a reference for quality control and standardization of M. alba leaves.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Chlorogenic acid, Morus alba, Pharmacognostic specification, Quality control}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.152}, author = {Phimkun Aiyarakanchanakun and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi and Anuchit Phanumartwiwath} } @article {802, title = {Pharmacognostic Specifications, Quercetin and Quercitrin Quantification in Bauhinia malabarica Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {155-160}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {155}, abstract = {

Introduction: Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. is a tropical tree that found throughout Thailand. Leaves have a sour taste and have been used in Thai remedies for wound healing, diuretic, dysentery and emmenagogue. Objective: This study aimed to focus on pharmacognostic specification and quantitative analysis of quercetin and quercitrin in B. malabarica leaves. Methods: Various methods such as macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of B. malabarica leaf were studied along with physico-chemical parameters and quantitated quercetin and quercitrin using RP-HPLC. Results and Conclusion: Whole plant, structures of dried powder crude drug, cross section of midrib and leaf measurement were established. Paracytic stomata and multicellular trichome were found on lower epidermis. B. malabarica leaves from 15 sources throughout Thailand were examined the pharmacognostic specification according to WHO guideline. Physico-chemical parameters showed that loss on drying, total ash, acid insoluble ash and water content should not be more than 8.00, 7.08, 1.79 and 8.28 \% of dry weight while ethanol and water soluble extractive values should not be less than 13.78 and 16.47 \% of dry weight respectively. Quercetin and quercitrin were the markers for quantitative analysis using RP-HPLC with diode array detector in B. malabarica ethanolic extract. Quercetin and quercitrin contents were found to be 0.18 g and 0.38 g in 100 g of dried crude drug. Method validation was determined according to ICH guideline. All results were in the acceptable range and could be used for identity, safety, efficacy and quality of B. malabarica leaves in Thailand.

}, keywords = {Bauhinia malabarica Roxb, HPLC, Leaf measurement, Pharmacognostic specification, Quercetin, Quercitrin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.26}, author = {Paphitchaya Thetsana and Chayanon Chaowuttikul and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {964, title = {Quantitative Analysis of Hispidulin Content in Clerodendrum petasites Roots Distributed in Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1093-1099}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1093}, abstract = {

Introduction: Clerodendrum petasites (Lour.) S. Moore (locally known as Mai-Thao-Yaai-Mom), belonging to the Verbenaceae family, is widely formulated into multi-herb remedy, Ben-Cha- Lo-Ka-Wi-Chian remedy, possessing antipyretic activity. C. petasites exhibits many biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, etc. The flavonoid hispidulin is one of the main active compounds present in C. petasites, containing anti-atheromatous, antitumor and antispasmodic effects. Objective: The present study aimed to determine the hispidulin content in the dried roots of C. petasites using HPLC technique. Methods: C. petasites dried roots, collected from twelve different areas, were extracted with ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus, and then subjected to HPLC-PDA to quantify hispidulin content. The quantitative method using HPLC-PDA technique was validated. Results: The optimized HPLC coupling with PDA detector (HPLC-PDA) was validated for the quantitative analysis of hispidulin content in C. petasites roots in terms of linearity (y = 210,200,536.6667x {\textendash} 448,756.2667; R2 = 0.9997), accuracy (88.82-107.69\% recovery), precision (0.66\% RSD for repeatability precision; 1.17\% RSD for intermediate precision), limit of detection (2.30 μg/mL), limit of quantitation (7.00 μg/mL), specificity (peak purity index = 1.0000) and robustness (\% RSD \< 1). The amount of hispidulin content in the extracts of C. petasites roots conducted from the validated method was found to be 0.0182 {\textpm} 0.0109 g/100 g crude drug. Conclusion: The HPLC-PDA analysis was able to effectively determine hispidulin in C. petasites roots. The hispidulin contents in C. petasites dried roots from various areas in Thailand were revealed which could be used for the specification of this crude drug with reference to its chemical marker.

}, keywords = {Ben-Cha-Lo-Ka-Wi-Chian remedy, Clerodendrum petasites, hispidulin, HPLC-PDA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.171}, author = {Thanyathorn Tangsongcharoen and Somchai Issaravanich and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {762, title = {Microscopic Leaf Constant Numbers of Chromolaena odorata in Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s95-s99}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s95}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and H. Rob. (syn. Eupatorium odoratum L.), commonly known as Siam Weed, Christmas Bush, or Common Floss Flower, is a species in family Asteraceae. It has been widely used as medicinal plants for a long time. In Thailand, C. odorata is locally used to treat skin diseases and insect bites. Leave juice from the crushed leaves can be used as a haemostatic and anti-inflammatory in the treatment of skin wounds. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the leaf constant values of microscopic characters of leaf in term of stomatal number, stomatal index, epidermal cell number, trichome number, trichome index and oil gland number of C. odorata in Thailand. Method: Microscopic evaluation of leaf constants are frequency used for the medicinal plant samples. Leaf constant numbers used to identify between some closely related species. Light microscope (LM) attached a digital camera and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used in this study. Results and Conclusion: The results showed anomocytic stomata and multicellular non-glandular trichomes on both upper and lower epidermis of C. odorata, while oil glands were found on only lower epidermis of the leaf. The microscopic leaf constant numbers of C. odorata were established and could be used for the species identification of C. odorata in Thailand.

}, keywords = {Chromolaena odorata, Epidermal cell number, Oil gland number, Stomata number, Trichome number}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.18}, author = {Yamon Pitakpawasutthi and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {532, title = {Pharmacognostic Specification and Mangiferin Content of Aquilaria crassna Leaves.}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2017}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {293-298}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {293}, abstract = {

Background:\ Aquilaria\ crassna\ Pierre ex Lecomte (Thymelaeaceae) has been used as a medicinal plant in many aspects. Previous research has revealed that A. crassna leaves contain mangiferin as an active compound. Although the active component has been investigated, the pharmacognostic specification and quantification of mangiferin from A. crassna leaves have never been established. Objective: The current study aimed to conduct and develop a pharmacognostic standard according to WHO guidance as well as the validated method for quantifying mangiferin content. Materials and Methods: Dried A. crassna leaves from 15 separated locations throughout Thailand were investigated for pharmacognostic specification. Their mangiferin contents were quantitatively analysed by TLC densitometry with win CATS software. Results: Macroscopic-, microscopic- characteristics and TLC fingerprinting combined with physicochemical parameters were reported in this study. The loss on drying, moisture content, and total ash content as well as acid-insoluble ash content were determined to be 8.62 \± 0.13, 8.16 \± 0.14, 6.82 \± 0.09 and 1.49 \± 0.03\%, respectively. Ethanol- and waterextractive values were found to be 9.05 \± 0.39 and 16.94 \± 0.22 \%, respectively. In addition, the validation method for quantifying the mangiferin content was developed. The contents of mangiferin in A. crassna leaf extract determined by TLC-densitometry and TLC-image analysis were found to be 1.2992 \± 0.5980 and 1.3036 \± 0.5874 \% by dried weight, respectively. The results between these two analytical methods were shown to have an insignificant difference. Conclusion: This study provides the necessary information for authentication and standardisation of A. crassna leaves.

}, keywords = {Aquilaria crassna leaves, Mangiferin, Pharmacognostic specification, TLC image analysis, TLC-densitometry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.51}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/481}, author = {Worathat Thitikornpong and Boonsri Ongpipattanakul and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {1524, title = {Pharmacognostic evaluation and chrysazin quantitation of Xyris indica flowering heads}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {16-22}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objectives: The present study aimed to establish quality specification of Xyris indica L. flowering heads. The pharmacognostic parameters were investigated. Chrysazin contents were analyzed by TLC image analysis using ImageJ software compared to TLC-densitometry. Methods: X. indica flowering heads from 15 different sources in Thailand were collected. Morphological and physicochemical parameters were characterized. Chrysazin was successively extracted and determined by TLC image analysis using ImageJ software and TLC-densitometry. Results: Macroscopic study was illustrated as whole plant drawing. The microscopic study showed fragment of corolla, seeds, pollen grain and staminode. The pharmacognostic parameters revealed that the loss on drying, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and water content should be not more than 6.90, 2.50, 0.41, and 11.12 of \% dry weight respectively while water and ethanol-soluble extractive values should be not less than 6.59 and 4.03 of \% dry weight respectively. TLC fingerprint revealed clearly chrysazin yellow fluorescent band at 365 nm. Chrysazin quantitation by TLC image analysis and TLC densitometry were developed and validated. Chrysazin content was 0.022 \± 0.001 \% dry weight by both methods. There was no statistically significantly difference between these methods. Conclusion: This study provided pharmacognostic specification and chrysazin content of X. indica flowering heads that can be used for basic quality control and standardization of plant material. TLC image analysis using ImageJ software showed reliable and convenient for analysis of chrysazin content in this crude drug.

Key words: Xyris indica, Pharmacognostic specification, Chrysazin, Quantitative analysis, Antimicrobial activities

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activities, Chrysazin, Pharmacognostic specification, Quantitative analysis, Xyris indica}, author = {Chuanchom Khuniad and Worathat Thitikornpong and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} }