@article {2215, title = {Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Essential Oil and its Potential Against Stress, Anxiety, and Sleep Quality}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {100-107}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {100}, abstract = {

Introduction: This investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of Matricaria chamomilla L essential oil on stress, anxiety, and sleep quality. Methods: The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus, and the chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, a study was conducted where 128 participants were divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group treated with essential oils. Stress, anxiety, and sleep quality were evaluated using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS{\textendash}10), the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI). In addition, cortisol was measured. Results: Chemical analysis showed thatα-Bisabolol oxide A exhibited the highest concentration at 30.42\%, followed by α -Bisabolol (10.94\%), α-Bisabolone oxide A (9.82\%), and spathulenol (8.83\%). Stress, anxiety, sleep quality, and cortisol scores decreased in the post-test study phase compared to the pre-test in the experimental group (p\<0.05). Important effect size was found in the case of anxiety (d = 1.203; Δ = 1.246), while medium effects were observed for stress (d = 0.701; Δ = 0.633) and sleep quality (d = 0.888; Δ = 0.732), while cortisol showed small changes (d=0.374; Δ=0.357). Conclusion: The study showed the potential of Chamomile essential oils to reduce stress and anxiety levels and improve sleep quality.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Essential oils, Matricaria chamomilla, Sleep quality, stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.14}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Elda Maritza Rodrigo-Villanueva and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Natalia Mavila Guzm{\'a}n Rodr{\'\i}guez and Roger Antonio Rengifo-Penadillos and Julio V{\'\i}ctor Campos-Flori{\'a}n and Yolanda Elizabeth Rodr{\'\i}guez de Guzm{\'a}n} } @article {2204, title = {Effects of Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage on Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines Expression in the Subventricular Zone of Kaolin-Induced Hydrocephalic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {20-27}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Background: To determine the neuroprotective effect of CSF drainage by analyzing its impact on the expression and the ratio of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the subventricular zone in kaolininduced hydrocephalic rats. Method: Sprague-Dawley rats of 23 weeks of age (n=36) were used in this study. The rats were randomly divided into normal control, hydrocephalus, and CSF drainage-treated groups. Hydrocephalus was obtained by injecting 0,05 cc of 20\% kaolin suspension into the cisterna magna. The CSF drainage-treated group had ventricular tapping seven days after kaolin induction. The rats were sacrificed 7, 14, or 21 days after kaolin induction. The brain was removed and prepared for immunohistochemistry analysis to detect IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 cytokines expression. Results: Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was significantly increased in hydrocephalus groups than in the control group. In contrast, the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine was significantly decreased. CSF drainage had a neuroprotective effect by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine expression. In the hydrocephalus group, the ratios of IL-1β/IL-10, IL-6/IL-10, and TNF-α/IL-10 increased toward a pro-inflammatory status. After CSF drainage, the ratios of IL-1β/IL-10, IL-6/IL-10, and TNF-α/IL-10 shifted toward an anti-inflammatory status. Conclusion: CSF drainage protects the brain from excessive neuroinflammatory processes in kaolin-induced hydrocephalic rats. Additional investigation is warranted to ascertain the use of inflammatory cytokines expression as a valuable biomarker for hydrocephalus. Furthermore, research on anti-inflammatory drug administration in clinical settings is required.

}, keywords = {cerebrospinal fluid drainage, Cytokines, Kaolin-induced hydrocephalus, Neuroinflammation, Neuroprotective, subventricular zone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.3}, author = {Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi and Ahmad Data Dariansyah and Wihasto Suryaningtyas and Dyah Fauziah and I Ketut Sudiana and Budi Utomo and Prastiya Indra Gunawan} } @article {2214, title = {Evaluating the Therapeutic Potential of Vernonia amygdalina: A Promising Antidiabetic Agent in STZ and Nicotinamide-Induced Rat Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {94-99}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {94}, abstract = {

Background: Vernonia amygdalina, commonly known as bitter leaf, has been traditionally used for its potential antidiabetic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Vernonia amygdalina extract (VAE) in ameliorating hyperglycemia using a streptozotocin (STZ) and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced rat model of diabetes. Methods: Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: normal control, diabetic control, and four treatment groups receiving different doses of VAE (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg body weight) orally for eight weeks. Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (55 mg/kg) after four weeks of Nicotinamid feeding. Body weight, fasting blood glucose levels, HbA1c, serum insulin levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured. Results: Treatment with VAE significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner compared to the diabetic control group (p \< 0.05). VAE administration also led to a significant decrease in HbA1c levels and an increase in serum insulin levels in a dosedependent manner (p \< 0.05). Furthermore, VAE supplementation restored SOD activity and reduced MDA levels, indicating improved antioxidant status in the treated groups (p \< 0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of Vernonia amygdalina as an antidiabetic agent in the STZ and HFD-induced rat model of diabetes. VAE supplementation effectively reduced fasting blood glucose levels, improved glycemic control as indicated by reduced HbA1c levels, and enhanced insulin secretion. Moreover, VAE exhibited antioxidant activity by restoring SOD activity and reducing MDA levels. These findings suggest that Vernonia amygdalina could be a promising natural remedy for the management of diabetes. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and evaluate its long-term safety and efficacy in humans.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, HbA1c, Insulin, MDA, SOD, Vernonia amygdalina}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.13}, author = {Muhammad Faridz Syahrian and I Nyoman Ehrich Lister and Chrismis Novalinda Ginting} } @article {1988, title = {Acute and Sub-acute Oral Toxicity Profile of Root Bark Methanol Extract of Carissa Edulis Vahl}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {253-258}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {253}, abstract = {

Background: Carissa edulis is widely used in traditional medicine to manage numerous ailments. However, few studies have assessed its toxicity. Therefore, this study aimed to determine acute and sub-toxicity levels of C. edulis methanol extract. Methods: In the acute toxicity probe, a limit test was conducted whereby the extract was given as a solo dose by gavage. The rats were observed for two weeks. The observations included mortality and changes in the general appearance and behavior of the experimental animals. The body weights of the rats were taken weekly. For the sub-acute toxicity probe, the rats received the extract daily at dosages 300, 520, and 900 mg/kg by gavage for 28 days. Body weights were also taken weekly. On day twenty-nine, the weights of the rats were taken, the rats were sacrificed, and blood was collected for biochemical and hematological analysis. Body organs were harvested, and their weights were taken. Results: The results of the acute toxicity probe showed that the extract didn{\textquoteright}t cause mortality or toxicity signs throughout the study duration. The LD50 of the extract was therefore deemed to be above 2,000 mg/kg. The sub-acute toxicity probe results demonstrated that the extract, at all the tested dosages, didn{\textquoteright}t cause mortality or affect the rats{\textquoteright} organ weights, body weights, or hematological and biochemical parameters throughout the study duration. Conclusions: In conclusion, the methanol extract of C. edulis is not toxic since it didn{\textquoteright}t cause mortality or toxicity signs in both acute and sub-acute toxicity probes.

}, keywords = {Biochemical parameters, Body weights, hematological parameters, Organ weights.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.36}, author = {Jane Wanja Mbiri and Kenneth Ogila and Patrick Kisangau and Michael Gicheru} } @article {1969, title = {Anticancer and Neuroprotective Effects of the Triterpene Glycosides From Sea Cucumber Holothuria imitans}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {119-127}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {119}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sea cucumbers has gained notoriety because possess a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. In this sense, the aim of this work was to evaluate the anticancer and neuroprotective effects of the triterpene glycosides from sea cucumber Holothuria imitans. Methods: Triterpene glycosides were separated and purified by Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Their structures were deduced by spectral analysis and chemical evidence. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated using normal African green monkey kidney epithelial cell line (VERO) and three cancer cell lines: cancer gastric (MKN-28), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and lung carcinoma (A-549). Besides, the neuroprotective effect was studied using the Cath.a-differentiated (CAD) cell line and human glial (Oligodendrocytic) hybrid cell line (MO3.13). Results: Two triterpene glycosides (Fuscocineroside C and Scabraside D) were isolated, which showed low cytotoxic activity against VERO cell line, and high cytotoxic activity against lines MKN-28, MCF-7 and A-549 cells, with IC50 between the ranges of 0.92 μmol/L to 2.61 μmol/L. The isolated triterpene glycosides showed the ability to regain mitochondrial viability in CAD and MO3.13 cells treated with neurotoxin (C2-ceramide) with statistically significant results (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The triterpene glycosides Fuscocineroside C and Scabraside D isolated from sea cucumber Holothuria imitans show anticancer and neuroprotective potential and may be considered promising active principles for anticancer and neuroprotective drugs.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Holothuria imitans, Neuroprotective., Triterpene glycosides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.16}, author = {Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Elda Maritza Rodrigo-Villanueva and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Iris Melina Alfaro-Beltr{\'a}n and Bertha Mirella Alfaro-Ttito} } @article {2085, title = {Anti-inflammatory Potential of Glycoside Flavonoids from Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. (Fabaceae) Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {593-598}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {593}, abstract = {

Background: Chronic diseases have become one of the leading causes of death worldwide in recent years. Despite tremendous advances in the treatments of diseases, several concerns remain. Those with inflammatory components are alternatively treated or completed in Burkina Faso with medicinal plants. The present study was designed to identify and evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of glycoside flavonoids from Pterocarpus Erinaceus leaves. Methods: The flavonoids contained in Pterocarpus Erinaceus aerial parts were extracted, identified, and characterized. Sequential soxhlet extraction was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, and characterization of isolated flavonoid was done by U.V., I.R., 1H \& 13C N.M.R. and MS. Subsequently, isolates were tested in vitro for their antiinflammatory potential as well as their antioxidant capacities. Results: Five compounds were determined as corresponding to 3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright},5,7-tetrahydroxy flavone (luteolin); quercetin-3-O- sophoroside; quercetin- 3-0-β-glucose (isoquercitrin); Kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside and 3,3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright},5,7-pentahydroxyflavone-3- rhamnoglucoside (rutin). Concentrations of quercetin-3-O- sophoroside and quercetin-3-0-β-glucose that inhibit 50\% of pro-inflammatory enzymes{\textquoteright} activities were expressed in μg/mL. They were respectively 18.07 {\textpm} 0.78 and 32.27 {\textpm} 2.02 for xanthine oxidase, 1.12 {\textpm} 0.018 and 11.53 {\textpm} 0.52 for lipoxygenase, 26.91 {\textpm} 0.34 and 19.54 {\textpm} 0.25 for acetylcholinesterase. Prevention of the degradation of deoxyribose test gave respectively 19.32 {\textpm} 1.08 μg/mL and 26.21 {\textpm} 2.25 μg/mL for quercetin-3-O- sophoroside and quercetin-3-O- β-glucose while the anti-DPPH free radical potential was 3.41 {\textpm} 0.82 and 2.90 {\textpm} 0.18 μg/ mL. Conclusion: These results may justify the traditional uses of P. erinaceus in treating diseases with an inflammatory component.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Compounds, Enzymes, Medicinal plant.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.125}, author = {Noufou Ou{\'e}draogo and W. Leila Marie Esther Belem-Kabr{\'e} and A.M. Emmanuel Thiombiano and Tata Kadiatou Traor{\'e} and Lazare Belemnaba and Moussa Ou{\'e}draogo and Innocent Pierre Guissou} } @article {2160, title = {Comics in Health as Alternative Therapy: An Information and Therapeutic Resource for Post-COVID-19 Patients in Ayacucho, Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1047-1051}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1047}, abstract = {

The aim of this research was to determine the utility of comics, as an informative and therapeutic resource, in post-COVID-19 patients, in the area of influence of the Camisea project, which is delimited to cities such as Huanta, Tambo, and Cangallo, located in Ayacucho, Peru. The methodology included an observational design, with in and out surveys being conducted during the study. The first survey sought to discover the level of approach of post-COVID-19 patients with the use of comics, while the second examined the effectiveness and usefulness after being exposed to a brochure of four comics (Figure 1) that combined humor and information related to the recovery procedures for COVID-19. The research showed that the usefulness of comics as an informative and therapeutic resource in post-COVID-19 patients in the city of Ayacucho is very significant. This was confirmed by 96\% of those surveyed, since they pointed out that the comics contributed to virus infection recovery and prevention.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.192}, author = {Carlos Rodrigo Infante-Yupanqui and Roberta Garc{\'\i}a-de-la-Cruz and Yanibel Hurtado-Vargas and Rosa Mar{\'\i}a Vega-Guevara and Primy Agripina Alca-Chamba and Rod Rosberg Bendez{\'u}-Perez and Pavel Pool Puclla-Pareja} } @article {2066, title = {Computational Evaluation of the Potential of Salicylate Compound from Syzygium aromaticum on Carbonic Anhydrase I as a Gastric Acid Stimulant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {489-493}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {489}, abstract = {

This article explores the potential of the salicylate compound (Syzygium Aromaticum) as a stimulant for Carbonic Anhydrase I in gastric acid secretion, using a computational approach. The research methods include molecular modeling with Pymol and Pyrex, determination of compound structure and interactions with Protein Plus, and examination of physicochemical properties using the Lipinski Rule. The results show that the Binding Affinity of salicylate with Carbonic Anhydrase I ranges from -7.3 to -6.5, with RMSD values of 0, 2.102, and 2.212, indicating good modeling quality. The interaction between salicylate and Carbonic Anhydrase I is also supported by the findings from Protein Plus. Furthermore, the salicylate compound complies with the Lipinski Rule, with a molecular weight of 137, 1 hydrogen bond donor, 3 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 0.34, and a molar reactivity of 34.16. This study highlights the prospect of salicylate as a potential modulator of Carbonic Anhydrase I.

}, keywords = {Carbonic Anhydrase I, Gastric Acid Stimulant, Molecular docking, Salicylate, Syzygium Aromaticum.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.107}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Rauza Sukma Rita and Fadhli Ranuharja and Musa Ghufron and Agariadne Dwinggo Samala and Herland Satriawan and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Devi Purnamasari and Riso Sari Mandeli and Amalia Putri Lubis and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2198, title = {The Effect of Ramania Leaves Extract Gel (Bouea macrophylla Griff) on the Number of Osteoblast (in vivo Study of Post Extraction in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus))}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1219-1223}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1219}, abstract = {

Ramania leaves extract contains secondary metabolite compounds such as flavonoids, steroids, phenols and terpenoids which can be used as an alternative medicine for socket wound healing. Flavonoids have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that can accelerate wound healing and can stimulate the formation of osteoblasts. Analyzing the differences in the number of osteoblasts in the negative control group, positive control given aloe vera gel 15\% and ramania leaf extract gel 15\% on day 5, 7 and 14. This study used true experimental design with posttest-only control design, using 27 rats divide into 3 groups. The experimental animals were sacrificed on days 5, 7 and 14 for histopathological observations. Two-Way ANOVA test results obtained p value = 0.013 \<0.05, which indicates that there is a significant difference between the use of 15\% ramania leaf extract gel 15\% and the number of osteoblasts on days 5, 7 and 14. Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s Post Hoc test showed a difference. The number of osteoblasts was significant among the negative control group with ramania leaf extract gel 15\%. Ramania leaf extract gel 15\% was proven to be able to increase the number of osteoblasts and has the potential as an alternative medicine for socket healing after tooth extraction.

}, keywords = {Bouea macrophylla Griff, Flavonoids, Osteoblast, Ramania leaf extract gel, Secondary metabolite, Tooth extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.221}, author = {Irham Taufiqurrahman and Siti Hajar Norma Gupita and Beta Widya Oktiani and Isyana Erlita and Andi Zulkifli and Veni Hadju and Anwar Mallongi and Eko Suhartono} } @article {2006, title = {Effect of Rosmarinus Officinalis Essential Oil On Anxiety, Depression, And Sleep Quality}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {343-349}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {343}, abstract = {

Introduction: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil on anxiety, depression, and sleep quality. Methods: The essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and the chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, a quasi-experimental study was conducted, where 81 participants were divided into two groups, comprising a waiting list control group and an experimental group treated with essential oils. Anxiety and depression indexes were evaluated using the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and sleep quality was measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI). Results: Chemical analysis showed that 1,8 cineole (37.6\%), α-pinene (19.9\%), and linalool (15.8\%) were the main components. Anxiety, depression, and sleep quality scores showed a decrease in the post-test study phase compared to the pre-test in the experimental group (p\<0.05). A large size effect was found in the case of anxiety (d = 1.491; g= 1.490) with 1-β=0.996, while medium size effects were observed for depression (d = 0.581; g= 0.582) with 1-β=0.585; and sleep quality (d = 0.586; g = 0.588) with 1-β=0.638. Conclusion: Essential oils extracted from Rosmarinus officinalis are more effective in calming anxiety and show moderate changes in depression and sleep quality.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Essential oils, Rosmarinus officinalis, Sleep quality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.52}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin and Santiago M. Benites and Taniht Lisseth Cubas-Romero and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Iris Melina Alfaro-Beltr{\'a}n} } @article {2058, title = {Effectivity of Patch Herbal Mixture Composed of Mangosteen Peel Extract and Bacterial Cellulose for Wound Healing}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {461-466}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {461}, abstract = {

Indonesia has a very abundant production of mangosteen, which places at the 14th largest mangosteen production in the world. High mangosteen production affects the amount of mangosteen peel waste. On the other hand, mangosteen peel has been identified as a rich source in health benefits and has proven to be antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and anti-carcinogenic. Traditionally, one of the conventional medicines used in wound dressings or infection medicine. It can be a possibility for patch wound healing development, especially for diabetic ulcers with an open wound, wetness, chronic infections, and high inflammation. This research aims to innovate wound dressings (patch) that contain active compounds from mangosteen peel as herbs with many active compounds to enhance the wound healing process with low toxic side effects. The patch developed from organic material from bacterial cellulose. The research was carried out with the initial process of making patches from bacterial cellulose (BC), then adding mangosteen peel extract as patch dressing with different concentrations (0\%, 1\%, 2\%, 5\%, and 10\% v/v). Furthermore, the patch was applied to the injured Wistar rat, for 15 days. The wound area was measured using Image-J. The results of measuring the wound area showed significant wound improvement every day at each dose of the mangosteen patch compared with the control group. The optimum dose that appears to be different from the control is 10\% v/v mangosteen peel extract which has been able to leave 3\% of the wound area on the 15th day.

}, keywords = {Bacterial cellulose, Herbal compound, Mangosteen peel extract, Patch dressing, Wound treatment.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.102}, author = {Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo and Yulanda Antonius and Yuana Elly Agustin} } @article {2057, title = {Effects of Melissa officinalis essential oil on state and trait anxiety}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {454-460}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {454}, abstract = {

Introduction: Essential oils are complex substances used extensively in aromatherapy and phytotherapy, some of them as anxiety and stress-relieving agents. In order to evaluate the effects of Melissa officinalis essential oil on state and trait anxiety, this study was conducted. Methods: The essential oil was extracted by steam distillation and the chemical composition was investigated by Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). In addition, a Quasi experimental study with measures at pretest-posttest was conducted, where 58 participants were divided into two groups, a waiting-list (WL) control group, and an experimental group (EG)treated with aromatherapy based on Melissa officinalis essential oil. The anxiety index was evaluated by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Measures were taken at two times: pretest and posttest. Results: The chemical analysis showed that β-cubebene (26.3\%), β-caryophyllene (25.4\%) and geranial (12.5\%) were de main components. Both state and trait anxiety levels decreased in the experimental group during the posttest phase; however, only state anxiety demonstrated statistically significant differences (p\<0.05). A moderate size effect was found for state anxiety (d = 0.799; g= 0.797) with 1-β=0.803; but none for trait anxiety. Conclusion: Melissa officinalis essential oil was moderately effective on state anxiety but has no effect on trait anxiety.

}, keywords = {Essential oil, Melissa officinalis., State anxiety, Trait anxiety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.101}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Francisco Mercedes Infantes Gomez and Natalia Mavila Guzm{\'a}n Rodr{\'\i}guez and Yolanda Elizabeth Rodr{\'\i}guez de Guzm{\'a}n and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Roger Antonio Rengifo-Penadillos and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Iris Melina Alfaro-Beltr{\'a}n} } @article {2179, title = {Elucidating the Use of the Plant Paeonia Anomala from the Ancient Medical Books Kept in Mongolia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1163-1165}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1163}, abstract = {

Background: It is important to determine and study in detail the action of the main chemical and secondary components contained in Paeonia anomala against diseases. In particular, it is of great practical significance to clarify the use of the plant from ancient medical books and scriptures and to determine which of the six main diseases were used in traditional medicine. Purpose: To compare the information of the ancient medical books written by Mongolian doctors and scientists, who wrote about Paeonia anomala L. and to clarify the taste, potency, strength, and quality. Research materials and methods: Research materials: Sumbe khamba Ishbaljir. {\textquotedblleft}gso dpyad bdud rtsi {\textquoteright}i chu rgyun gyi cha lag gi nang tshan gyi sman so so{\textquoteright}i mngon brjod dang ngos {\textquoteright}dzin shel dkar me long{\textquotedblright}. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Toin Jambaldorj. {\textquotedblleft}gso byed bdud rtsi{\textquoteright}i {\textquoteright}khrul med ngos {\textquoteright}dzin bzo rig me long du rnam par shar ba mdzes mtshar mig rgyan zhes bya ba bzhugs so{\textquotedblright}. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Research methods: Methods of textual analysis for ancient medical books and checklists were used in the study. Conclusion: The use of Paeonia anomala has been enriched with indications for use in traditional Mongolian medicine, Mongolian folk medicine, Russian folk medicine, and Chinese, Japanese, and Korean traditional medicine. In his book "ngos {\textquoteright}dzin shel dkar me long", the ancient medical scientist Sumbe khamba Ishbaljir wrote the name of the Paeonia anomala plant in Sanskrit as shogandha and in Tibetan as baspru. On the other hand, Toin Jambaldorj noted in his book "mtshar mig rgyan" wrote Paeonia anomala has a warm and equable quality, thus it can create potency. Therefore, it is appropriate to note that this plant in traditional Mongolian medicine is mainly used to treat back pain caused by cold conditions, chronic kidney disease, arthritis, uterine benign tumors, and bladder stones.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.211}, author = {Ariunjargal Tudev and Sansarkhuyag Enkhtur and Khurelbaatar Luvsan and Odontuya Gendaram and Bold Sharav and Ulambayar Lkhamsuren} } @article {2138, title = {Elucidating the Uses of the Plant Veronica Incana from the Ancient Medical Books}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {901-904}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {901}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plant research has been successfully carried out in the field of pharmacy and pharmacology in Mongolia, and dozens of research projects are still being carried out. However, there are still fewer studied medicinal plants of practical importance growing in Mongolia. Therefore, there is a need to register and study the ancient medicinal books written by ancient Mongolian doctors about the relatively little-studied Veronica Incana plant. In addition, taking into account that scientific research on Veronica Incana, which grows in Mongolia, has not been done in the field of medicine. Therefore, the topic was selected for research in this field. Purpose: Comparing the information of the ancient medical books written by Mongolian doctors and scientists, who wrote about Veronica Incana, to clarify the taste, power, and quality. Research materials and methods: 1. Research materials: Sumbe khamba Ishbaljir. gso dpyad bdud rtsi {\textquoteright}i chu rgyun gyi cha lag gi nang tshan gyi sman so so{\textquoteright}i mngon brjod dang ngos {\textquoteright}dzin shel dkar me long. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Toin Jambaldorj. gso byed bdud rtsi{\textquoteright}i {\textquoteright}khrul med ngos {\textquoteright}dzin bzo rig me long du rnam par shar ba mdzes mtshar mig rgyan zhes bya ba bzhugs so. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. 2. Research methods: Methods of textual analysis for ancient books and checklist methods were used in the study. Conclusion: Gandhabhatra plant is used in traditional Mongolian medicinal practices from ancient times, the plant is called Veronica Incana in Latin. Also called Buural gandbadraa in Mongolian. On the other hand, the traditional medical doctors of China{\textquoteright}s Inner Mongolia and Tibet use Gandbadraa, the Latin name Gnaphalium affine D. Don. The appearance, shape, and color of the flowers of these two plants are different. According to the research of the source, the main instruction and usage of the plants are the same: to destroy benign tumors, to remove poison, to treat colds, and to stop cough.

}, keywords = {Ancient medicinal books., Medicinal plants, Traditional Mongolian medicine, Veronica Incana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.171}, author = {Sansarkhuyag Enkhtur and Ariunjargal Tudev and Tungalag Dagdanbazar and Selenge Erdenechimeg and Odontuya Gendaram and Ulambayar Lkhamsuren and Bold Sharav} } @article {2109, title = {Ethnobotanical Study of the Traditional Use and Maintenance of Medicinal Plant Species and Indigenous Knowledge by the Konso People, Southern Ethiopia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {719-731}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {719}, abstract = {

Background: For thousands of years, indigenous people have developed their own localized knowledge of plant use, management, and conservation. However, this rich traditional knowledge on plant utilization was not well documented, and most of the indigenous knowledge acquired by the local people was verbally passed from generation to generation. The people of Konso in South Ethiopia use and maintain traditional medicinal plant species, according to their specific ethnobotanical pharmacopeia. Methods: A total of 80 informants aged 25 to 87 years old were chosen (10 individuals of which 5 healers and 5 clients) from the 24 key informants were identified representing 6 from each kebele. The present study explores the unique indigenous knowledge that enables the community to identify medicinal plants, prepare medications, and then apply the cures used to treat a variety of human diseases as dangers to their long-term use. This study was carried out from September 2018 to July 2019. Results: Some medicinal plant species are more popular than others Lepidium sativum, Hagenia abyssinica and Allium sativum were cited by all the 80 informants for their medicinal value. Powdered form was directly used from 40.0\% of the medicinal plant species, while 51.4\% are chewed, extracted with water, and / or with butter (17.1\% each) and 8.6\% are extracted with local beer. Of the herbal remedies used in the study area, 68.6\% were applied orally and 31.4\% were applied externally. Roots are the parts mostly used (35.7\%), followed by leaves (32.9\%), combination of parts (18.6\%), root bark (5.7\%), fruit (2.9\%), in that order, respectively. It was known that highest source of the medicinal plants was the forest (45.3\%). Conclusions: Home gardens and agro forests together contribute 41.86\% of the medicinal plants. This study was undertaken to bring awareness towards community-based in-situ and ex-situ conservation actions, attracting younger generations to grab the indigenous knowledge from the parents and ancestors and strengthening home gardens and other agro-forestry systems be used as repositories of medicinal plant species and alternative conservation sites to preserve the traditional medicinal plant species of the study area.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, Indigenous knowledge, Medicinal plant species., Traditional healers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.143}, author = {Tizazu Gebre and Bhaskar Rao Chinthapalli and D. S. Vijaya Chitra} } @article {2123, title = {Evaluation of In vivo Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Oroxyulum indicum, Baicalein, Chrysin with Phytochemical Analysis and Molecular Docking Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {811-822}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {811}, abstract = {

Background: Oroxyulum indicum (OIE) is a native medicinal plant that has been widely employed in Ayurvedic medicine for thousands of years. Though studies have been published citing the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Oroxyulum indicum and chrysin and Baicalein, there has been no comparative study comparing their activittes and confirming them with molecular docking results. Molecular docking study of two phytochemicals Chrysin (PubChem CID 5281607) and Baicalein (PubChem CID 5281605) into the active sites of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Evaluation and validation of Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic effects of a methanolic extract of the stem bark of Oroxylum indicum and its two constituents Chrysin and Baicalein in Charles foster rats with analysis of the phytoconstituent of Oroxyulum indicum through HRMS analysis. Methodology: UHPLC-HRMS/MS analyses were performed on a Dionex Ultimate 3000 RS Series UHPLC system combined with a Q Exactive Plus High-Resolution Accurate Mass Spectrometry System. Hot plate and Tal flick model are used for screening of analgesic activity. TNF-alpha and IL-6 inflammatory markers were examined. Carrageenan model is used for antiinflammatory analysis. Result: Interesting results has been obtained in the docking studies of Chrysin and Baicalein with COX-1 (PDB ID: 1EQG). The hydrogen bond interaction established between the Chrysin and Baicalein with the important amino acid, includes Arg 120, Tyr 355, Ser 530, Met 522 (Figure 1). The binding free energy of the Chrysin and Baicalein with target COX-1 was found to be -7.88 and -7.26 Kcal/mol. Conclusion: There is marked reduction in the TNF Alpha expression in the OIE group which is followed by Baicalein and Chrysine. The Baicalein group shows the most marked cumulative increase in reaction time for tail flick among all the groups of the intervention group followed by Chrysine and OIE.

}, keywords = {Baicalein, Chrysine, Molecular docking, Oroxylum indicum, TNF alpha.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.156}, author = {Bhairav Kumar Pathak and Kamlesh M. Palandurkar and Meenakshi Singh and Anshuman Trigunayat and Amit Singh and Reena Giri and Kiran Rajendra Giri} } @article {2105, title = {Hepatitis E Inhibited by Rosmarinic Acid Extract from Clove Plant (Syzygium Aromaricum) through Computational Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {518-523}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {518}, abstract = {

This study aims to evaluate the potential of Rosmarinic Acid as an inhibitor against Hepatitis E by interacting with the active site of the Tyrosine FYN protein. Computational approaches were employed to predict the molecular interactions between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. The research methodology involved the use of software such as Pymol, Pyrex, Protein Plus, and the Lepinski Rule. Docking analysis was conducted using Pymol to obtain information about the binding energy between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. The results of the analysis showed that Rosmarinic Acid exhibited a Binding Affinity of -8.3, -8, and -7.9, indicating a strong affinity towards the target protein. Additionally, Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) values of 0, 15.905, and 17.014 were used to assess the stability of the formed protein-ligand complex. Analysis using Protein Plus revealed interactions between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. Furthermore, analysis using the Lepinski Rule to examine the physicochemical properties of Rosmarinic Acid indicated that the molecule had a mass of 360, 5 hydrogen bond donors, 8 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 1.76, and a molar reactivity of 89.8. These findings highlight the potential of Rosmarinic Acid as an inhibitor of Hepatitis E through its interaction with the Tyrosine FYN protein, providing a basis for the development of potential new therapies in the treatment of this disease.

}, keywords = {Hepatitis E, Molecular Docking., Rosmarinic acid, Syzygium aromaricum, Tyrosine FYN}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.112}, author = {Sunadi and Saddam Al Aziz and Fadhilah Fitri and Devni Prima Sari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Rismi Verawati and Nita Yessirita and Oski Illiandri and Riso Sari Mandeli and Devi Purnamasari and Putri Azhari and Rahadian Zainul and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2008, title = {HPTLC Comparision Studies with Marker Compound and Isolation of Rutin Anti Inflammatory Agent from Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Rivea Hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {353-358}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {353}, abstract = {

Introduction: To extract the leafy parts with ethanol and perform the HPTLC studies with marker compounds Quercetin, Rutin, and gallic acid then a compound was isolated and susceptible to spectroscopic analysis Background: Rivea hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy holds Convolvulaceae family the leafy parts underwent a Soxhlet extraction with ethanol which was then subjected to a phytochemical investigation that shows the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides saponins, sterols, and carbohydrates. Material and Methods: Firstly, the ethanolic leaf extract is treated with petroleum ether to remove excess lipids, sterols, and impurities. TLC was performed by toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid and the same solvent system was used for column chromatography. The bands getting separated into the column were collected separately in a test tube. Once the solvent toluene ends, the next solvent system with 18 ml of toluene and 2 ml of ethyl acetate, is introduced into the column, and continues the separation procedure. Collect separated bands and perform TLC of each separate band by using the same solvent system in a concentration of 5:4:1. A single component on a TLC plate with a solvent system of 12 ml toluene and 8 ml ethyl acetate was obtained whose characterization was done by IR, NMR, and mass. Results: The RF value of Rutin is 0.17 which correlates with the Retention factor of ethanolic leaf extracts of RH by HPTLC comparative studies and a compound was isolated by column chromatography. Conclusion: These studies have concluded that a compound is separated by means of HPTLC and spectroscopic interpretation and identified as Rutin.

}, keywords = {Column chromatography, HPTLC studies, Marker compound, Rivea hypocrateriformis ethanolic leaf extract, TLC plates.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.54}, author = {Shanthini Nachiar G and Thirumal M} } @article {2081, title = {In Silico Study on the Inhibition of Sitogluside from Clove Plant (Syzygium aromaticum) on Interleukin 2 in B and T Cell Proliferation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {575-580}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {575}, abstract = {

This research discusses an in-silico study of sitogluside found in the clove plant (Syzygium aromaticum) as a potential inhibitor of B and T cell proliferation through interaction with Interleukin-2. This study utilizes methods such as Swiss Target Prediction, Pymol, Pyrex, Protein Plus, and Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule to predict the biological activity and pharmacokinetic characteristics of sitogluside. From the docking simulation results, sitogluside exhibited strong interactions with interleukin-2 with RMSD values of 0, 1.637, and 2.299, and Binding Affinities of -5.7, -5.5, and -5.5, indicating its potential effectiveness as an inhibitor. In addition, sitogluside fulfills Lipinski{\textquoteright}s rule with a molecular mass of 520, 4 hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, a log P value of 2.3, and a molar reactivity of 133, indicating a high potential for good bioavailability in biological systems. These results suggest that sitogluside from the clove plant holds potential as a new therapy in inhibiting B and T cell proliferation, however further research is needed to validate these findings and explore its potential in clinical treatments.

}, keywords = {Cell Proliferation, Interleukin-2, Molecular docking, Sitogluside, Syzygium.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.122}, author = {Linda Rosalina and Devi Purnamasari and Rismi Verawati and Okta Suryani and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Rahadian Zainul and Riso Sari Mandeli and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2067, title = {In Silico Study on the Potential of Guaiacol Extract from Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) as a Stimulant for Carbanoic Anhydrase II in Renal Tubular Acidosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {494-499}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {494}, abstract = {

This study explores the potential of Guaiacol, a green tea extract from Camellia sinensis, as a stimulant in renal tubular acidosis through in-silico investigation on the Carbanoic Anhydrase II enzyme. Utilizing comprehensive computational tools including PyMOL, PyRx, Protein Plus, and the Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule of Five, a detailed examination of the molecular structure and its interactions with the target enzyme was conducted. The results from Protein Plus revealed interactions between Guaiacol and Carbanoic Anhydrase II. Quantitative parameters were determined with Binding Affinity values of -5, -4.7, and -4.5, along with RMSD values of 0, 0.956, and 1.412. The Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule of Five was employed to evaluate the compound{\textquoteright}s drug-like properties, with the findings indicating a molecular weight of 124, one hydrogen bond donor, two hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P of 1.4, and a molar reactivity of 34.65. Overall, these findings suggest that Guaiacol holds promising therapeutic potential in the treatment of renal tubular acidosis.

}, keywords = {Camellia sinensis., Carbanoic Anhydrase II, Guaiacol, Molecular docking, Renal Tubular Acidosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.108}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Agus Suprijono and Riso Sari Mandeli and Asri Peni Wulandari and Dony Novaliendry and Ritmaleni and Linda Rosalina and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2083, title = {Interaction of Cynaroside from Orthosiphon Aristatus Plant Extract on TNF Alpha as a Stimulant in Malaria and Asthma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {581-586}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {581}, abstract = {

This research aims to investigate the interaction between cynaroside, a natural compound found in Orthosiphon aristatus plant extract, with TNF Alpha as a stimulant in the context of malaria and asthma. The research method involved an in-silico approach using software such as Pymol, PyRx, Protein Plus, and the Lepinski Rule. The results of the study showed that cynaroside has a significant interaction with TNF Alpha, as indicated by high Binding Affinity values of -9.6, -9.3, and -9.2. Analysis using Protein Plus confirmed the interaction between cynaroside and TNF Alpha. Additionally, evaluation using the Lepinski Rule of Five revealed that cynaroside has physicochemical characteristics suitable as a potential drug compound, with a mass of 448, hydrogen bond donors of 7, hydrogen bond acceptors of 11, log p -0.401, and molar reactivity of 105.2. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the potential of cynaroside in regulating the immune response to malaria and asthma through its interaction with TNF Alpha. These results can serve as an important basis for further research in the development of more targeted and effective therapies for both of these diseases

}, keywords = {Asthma., Cynaroside, Malaria, Molecular docking, Orthosiphon aristatus, TNF Alpha}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.123}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Gemini Alam and Khoirun Nisyak and Trisna Kumala Sari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Ritbey Ruga and Putri Azhari and Romadhon and Himmatul Barroroh and Riso Sari Mandeli and Devi Purnamasari and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2018, title = {Intervention of Giving Moringa Biscuits (Moringa Oliefera) Mix Sori Fish Flour to Increased Blood Hemoglobin Levels in Young Girls, Kendari, INDONESIA}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {414-417}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {414}, abstract = {

Adolescents are the next generation and national development assets, one of the nutritional problems in adolescents is anemia, namely the lack of hemoglobin levels below normal (12 mg/dl). Efforts to deal with anemia are making food in the form of Moringa biscuits and sori fish which are rich in nutrients. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving Moringa mixed sori biscuits on blood hemoglobin levels in adolescents. The type of research is a quasi-experimental conducted in June- September 2021 at Coastal Region Public Middle Schools throughout Kendari City in 2021, namely at SMPN 4 Kendari, SMPN 5 Kendari, SMPN 10 Kendari, SMPN 15 Kendari and SMPN 16 Kendari. The sample is anemic adolescent girls in the coastal area of Kendari City. The intervention sample was anemic adolescent girls who were given moringa biscuits mixed with sori fish flour as many as 36 people and the control sample was anemic adolescent girls who were not given moringa biscuits mixed with sori fish flour as many as 36 people. The case sampling technique used cluster random sampling and the control sample used matching. Data collection of blood hemoglobin levels using a portable device brand Easy Touch Meter. Data were analyzed using independent t-test test. The results of the study found blood hemoglobin levels before and after Moringa biscuits were given, namely in the case group before the intervention the average Hb level reached 10.51 mg/dl and after the intervention it reached 12.45 mg/ dl, while in the control group before the intervention it was 12.79 mg/dl and after intervention 13.49 mg/ dl. The results of the independent t-test obtained p value 0.000. The conclusion is that there is an effect of giving Moringa fish biscuits mixed with Sori fish flour on hemoglobin levels. Suggestions for young women are expected to increase the intake of protein sources of nutrients such as fish, eggs, tofu and tempeh and iron (Fe) which can be obtained from green vegetables such as Moringa to prevent and treat anemia.

}, keywords = {Adolescents., Blood Haemoglobin, Moringa Biscuits, Sori Fish}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.64}, author = {Fatmawati and Suriana Koro and Nadimin and Kameriah Gani and Hasan and Ellyani Abadi and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2098, title = {Quantitative Analysist of Ethnomedicinal Practice and Used by the Banceuy Tribe in Subang Village of Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {655-667}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {655}, abstract = {

Background: The people of Banceuy, Indonesia have used plants for traditional medicine treatment for generation to generation. However, this local knowledge has not been recorded until today. The quantitative approach of ethnomedicinal documented show the usefulness of plant. More application medicinal plant, more pharmacological reported, more drug discovery potential development. This study aims to understanding the utilization of plants for medicinal treatment by the people of Banceuy tribe, Subang village, Indonesia. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with a total of 35 informants that representative 10\% of the total family units in Banceuy. The data has been analysed within species use value (SUV), family use value (FUV), plant part use (PPU), and the relative frequency of citation that was calculated based on fidelity level (FL). Result: We found 91 identified species and 3 unidentified species belonging of 41 group of families to treat 26 types of diseases. Among the recorded, Zingiberaceae and Piperaceae were the most abundant. The plant specieses with the highest SUV were Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. (0.74) and Ageratum conyzoides L. (0.71). The leaves were found as the most used plant part and decoction was the dominant plants in medicinal administration. There were several unique traditional medicine treatments in Banceuy, such as tuak for cough ailment and post-partum treatment by mixed leaves concoction. Finally, all the data documented would be importance for new drug discovery, dried herbal market, as well as improving the society local income.

}, keywords = {Banceuy tribe, Plant part use, Species and family use value, Traditional medicine treatment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.134}, author = {Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo and Silmi Qurrotu Aini and Siti Rahmadani} } @article {1955, title = {The Role of Indian Magical Herb Selaginella bryopteris L. (Selaginaceae) in Pharmacotherapeutic Perspective: An Overview}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {14-20}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

This review involves the medicinal as well as therapeutic applications of Sanjeevni (Selaginella bryopteris L.) in curtailing different types of acute and chronic maladies. The magical herb (Selaginella bryopteris) is utilized for its resurrecting and medicinal properties in various regions of the world. S. bryopteris based formulations have been widely used in folk medicine to treat spermatorrhoea, colitis, epilepsy, leucorrhoea, urinary tract infections, fever, venereal illnesses, constipation, beri-beri, cancer, and many other ailments. The medicinal and pharmacological effects of S. bryopteris have been extensively studied in recent years, employing a variety of in vivo and in vitro models and clinical studies. Many biochemical and pharmacological studies on Selaginella bryopteris have been conducted, and many of its traditional applications have been validated scientifically. Different biological activities are concerned with it, like anti-bacterial, growth-promoting, anti-protozoan, relief from heat stroke and the burning sensation during urination, anti-stress cell death, memory improvement, relief from stomach-aches, anti-hyperglycemic activity, and anti-depressant activity. S. bryopteris is undeniably one of the most significant plants owing to its enormous pharmacological and therapeutic potential. On the other hand, several information gaps found in this article might spur fresh academic and R\&D efforts to produce S. bryopteris-based herbal medications and nutraceuticals.

}, keywords = {Biflavonoid, S. bryopteris L., Sanjeevni, Selaginaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.3}, author = {Arti Gautam and Lal Chand Pal and Ch. V Rao and Vikas Kumar} } @article {2084, title = {Stimulation of Emodin from Aloe Vera on Protein Kinase PIM1 in the Central Nervous System Through In Silico Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {587-592}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {587}, abstract = {

This study aims to investigate the potential of Emodin, a compound found in Aloe vera, as a stimulator of Protein Kinase PIM1 in the central nervous system using an in-silico approach. The research method involves the use of software such as Pymol, Pyrex, Protein Plus, and Lepinski Rule. Firstly, the protein structure of the target Protein Kinase PIM1 was obtained from a protein database and prepared using Pymol. Next, the molecular structure of Emodin was imported into Pyrex and subjected to geometry optimization. Docking analysis using Pymol was performed to predict the molecular interactions between Emodin and Protein Kinase PIM1. Additionally, RMSD analysis was conducted to evaluate the stability of the protein-ligand complex formed. The docking analysis results showed that Emodin exhibited significant Binding Affinity, with values of -8.4, -8.3, and -8.2, indicating a strong affinity between Emodin and Protein Kinase PIM1. The RMSD analysis indicated the stability of the protein-ligand complex, with RMSD values of 0, 1.101, and 1.122. Furthermore, analysis using Protein Plus revealed the presence of interactions between Emodin and Protein Kinase PIM1 through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic contacts. The results of the Lepinski Rule analysis demonstrated that Emodin fulfilled several important criteria in drug design, including a molecular weight of 270, 3 hydrogen bond donors, 5 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log p value of 1.887220, and a molar reactivity of 64.480385. These findings indicate the potential of Emodin as a stimulator of Protein Kinase PIM1 in the central nervous system and provide an important foundation for the development of potential therapies for central nervous system-related disorders.

}, keywords = {Central Nervous System, Emodin, Molecular Docking., PIM1 Kinase, Stimulation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.124}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Ritbey Ruga and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Devi Purnamasari and Putri Azhari and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2069, title = {Study on the Inhibition of Sinensetin Extract from Cat{\textquoteright}s Whiskers Plant (Orthosiphon aristatus) on ATP Binding Cassette Sub-Family G Member 2 in Uric Acid}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {506-511}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {506}, abstract = {

This study aims to investigate the potential of sinensetin, a compound found in the Cat{\textquoteright}s Whiskers plant (Orthosiphon aristatus), as an inhibitor in inhibiting uric acid through its interaction with ATP Binding Cassette Sub-Family G Member 2 (ABCG2). The in-silico approach was employed using software tools such as Pymol, PyRx, Protein Plus, and Lepinski Rule. The results of molecular docking analysis using PyRx demonstrated significant interactions between sinensetin and ABCG2, with Binding Affinity values of -6.8, -6.6, and -6.6, and RMSD values of 0, 0.785, and 1.379. The analysis using Protein Plus confirmed the interaction between sinensetin and ABCG2, supporting the previous docking findings. Furthermore, the evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters using the Lepinski Rule of Five revealed that sinensetin meets the criteria as a potential drug compound, with a molecular weight of 372, no hydrogen bond donors, seven hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 3.345, and a molar reactivity of 98.5. This research provides new insights into the development of uric acid therapy through an in-silico approach, and these findings can serve as a basis for further research involving in vitro and in vivo validation.

}, keywords = {ATP Binding Cassette, Molecular docking, Orthosiphon aristatus, Sinensetin, Uric Acid.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.110}, author = {Anni Faridah and Rismi Verawati and Budhi Oktavia and Musa Ghufron and Devi Purnamasari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Linda Rosalina and Putri Azhari and Rahadian Zainul and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {1971, title = {Sun Protection Factor Activity of Jamblang Leaves Serum Extract (Syzygium cumini)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {134-140}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {134}, abstract = {

Background: The development of serum preparations containing natural ingredients for sun protection is growing rapidly. Jamblang (Syzygium cumini) leaves are rich in phenolic compounds that can inhibit free radicals causing premature aging. Therefore, this study aims to determine the potential of S. cumini serum extract as sun protection. Methods: The extract was prepared and included in the serum base. The formulations were evaluated for rheological, pH, dispersion coefficient, and stability examinations. Furthermore, Sun Protection Factor was tested using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Results: The test of phytochemical compounds showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, quinones, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids, and steroids. The result also showed that all serum formulations met the predetermined requirements. Furthermore, the extract has protective activity against ultraviolet rays, which was indicated by the SPF value. The higher the dose of S. cumini extracts in the serum formulation, the higher the value obtained. Formulations 1, 2, and 3 have SPF of 9.35{\textpm}0.11, 13.26{\textpm}0.16, and 26.05{\textpm}0.31, respectively. This indicates that they all met the Indonesian National Standard, that a sun protection preparation must have a minimum protection factor of 4. Conclusion: S. cumini extract serum has the potential to be developed as a new sun protection agent against ultraviolet radiation. However, further studies are still needed to determine the mechanism of its constituent active compounds.

}, keywords = {Serum, Sun protection factor, Syzygium cumini, Ultraviolet.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.18}, author = {Himyatul Hidayah and Surya Amal and Nia Yuniarsih and Farhamzah and Anggun Hari Kusumawati and Neni Sri Gunarti and Ermi Abriyani and Iin Lidia Putama Mursal and Adinda Khansa Sundara and Maulana Yusuf Alkandahri} } @article {1861, title = {Acute Oral Toxicity Assessment of Freeze-Dried Lipote Fruit Extract (Syzygium polycephaloides (C. B. Rob.) Merr.) in ICR Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {490-503}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {490}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lipote (Syzygium polycephaloides (C. B. Rob.) Merr.) has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine due to its nutritional and bioactive contents. Methods: An acute oral toxicity test was conducted following the OECD 425 guidelines to investigate the toxic effects of freeze-dried lipote fruit extract (LFE) in male and female ICR mice at doses of 55, 175, 550, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg BW. Results: At the end of the 14-day experimentation period, no physical, behavioral, neurologic, or cardiorespiratory signs of toxicity nor mortalities were recorded in LFE-treated mice. Also, physiologic parameters such as body weight, and feed and water intake registered normal throughout the study. Hematologic values such as total RBC, total WBC, and differential WBC for both sexes remained normal, apart from the male mouse administered with 2000 mg/kg LFE dose which presented erythrocytopenia, leukocytopenia, and lymphocytopenia after the end of the experimentation period, most likely due to extraneous factors unrelated to treatment. Meanwhile, the blood creatinine and blood urea nitrogen values remained within their respective normal reference ranges. Conclusion: It can be inferred from results of this acute oral toxicity study that LFE is relatively non-toxic, has an LD50 above 5000 mg/kg, and like other closely related Syzygium berries, does not elicit any adverse effects on the physiologic, hematologic, and blood chemical levels of kidney-filtered substances in mice. Sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies must be conducted to determine the safety of continuous oral ingestion of lipote fruit.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Lipote, Mice, Philippine berry, Safety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.126}, author = {Mark Joseph M. Desamero and Liezl M. Atienza and Maria Adrianna Isabella G. Claravall and Roxanne P. Gapasin and Jonna Rose C. Maniwang and Dianne Jane A. Sunico and James Ryan D. Aranzado and Joan I. Delomen and Loraine C. Bainto-Ancheta and Katherine Ann T. Castillo-Israel and Rohani B. Cena-Navarro and Maria Amelita C. Estacio} } @article {1841, title = {Bioactive Compounds from Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook) as SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Agent via Dual Inhibitor Mechanism: In Silico Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {352-357}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {352}, abstract = {

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the COVID-19 pandemic that infects humans and attacks the body{\textquoteright}s immune system. The purpose of the study was to identify the potential of bioactive compounds in purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and star anise (Illicium verum Hook) via a dual inhibitor mechanism against SARS-CoV-2 proteases with an in silico approach. The samples were obtained from PubChem and RSCB PDB. Antivirus probability prediction was performed on PASS Online. Virtual screening was performed with PyRx via molecular docking. Visualization was used by PyMol and Discovery Studio. Compounds with the best antiviral potential are indicated by the low binding affinity value to the target proteins, namely SARS-CoV-2 TMPRSS2 and PLpro. The results showed that purslane luteolin has the best antiviral potential. However, further studies are required to validate this computational prediction.

}, keywords = {Antiviral agent, Illicium verum Hook, in silico, Portulaca oleracea L., SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.106}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Dony Novaliendry and Riso Sari Mandeli and Budhi Oktavia and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Saddam Al Aziz and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Okta Suryani and Putri Azhari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Devi Purnamasari and Agariadne Dwinggo Samala and Mirella Fonda Maahury and ANM Ansori and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1913, title = {Correlation of the Presence of Non Structural-1 (NS1) Antigen Dengue Virus with Severity of Dengue Infection}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {813-816}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {813}, abstract = {

Dengue is a major public health threat worldwide, affecting approximately 3 billion people. More than 100 countries in the world located in tropical and subtropical areas, there are at least 100 to 400 million people infected with the dengue virus which causes dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Soluble Non Structural Protein (sNS1) DENV is a soluble NS1 protein that is secreted and found in the serum of patients during acute infection. Because of its presence early in infection, sNS1 is used as a diagnostic indicator of acute dengue infection. NS1 can directly activate platelets through TLR4 and can further increase platelet aggregation, endothelial cell adhesion, and phagocytosis by macrophages that can cause thrombocytopenia so that high sNS1 levels are associated with disease severity. From the results of the study showed p \<0.05. This indicates that there is a correlation between the presence of NS1 and the severity of dengue infection.

}, keywords = {Dengue virus, NS1 antigen, Thrombocytopenia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.172}, author = {Ichwan Baihaki and Beti Ernawati Dewi and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Devi Purnamasari and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and ANM Ansori and Kuswati and Riso Sari Mandeli and Kawther Ameen Muhammed Saeed Aledresi and Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and Pavel Burkov and Marina Derkho and Pavel Scherbakov and Rahadian Zainul and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Asmi Citra Malina AR Tasakka and Tengku Siti Hajar Haryuna} } @article {1898, title = {Effect of Bajakah Tea Extract (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) on High Density Lipoprotein, Triglyceride and Total Cholesterol Levels in Male Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {687-691}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {687}, abstract = {

Hyperlipidemia is the high concentrations of low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, and triglycerides in the blood. Furthermore, hyperlipidemia has a risk factor for cardiovascular complications through atherosclerosis that triggers coronary heart disease (CHD). Spatholobus littoralis Hassk known as Bajakah tea is a plant with high antioxidant content and acts as an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor to suppress lipid metabolism disorders, increase HDL levels, and reduce triglycerides and total cholesterol. Experimental and posttest control group design methods were used to obtain 24 male Wistar rats. Furthermore, the experimental animals were randomly divided into 4 groups, namely K1 (normal rats), K2 (hyperlipidemia rats), K3 (hyperlipidemic rats + pirated tea extract dose 9 mg/200gramBW/day), and K4 (hyperlipidemic rats + simvastatin dose 0.18 mg/200 gBW/day). The study was conducted at the Center for Food and Nutrition Studies Laboratory, Gajah Mada University, Yogyakarta. Data levels of HDL, triglycerides, and total cholesterol were analyzed using the One Way Anova test and LSD post hoc to determine between groups. The results showed that an increase in triglyceride and total cholesterol and a decrease in HDL levels in the K2 group compared to the K1. Triglyceride and total cholesterol decreased in groups K3 and K4 compared to K2, and HDL levels increased in groups K3 and K4 compared to K2. Meanwhile, the results of the analysis obtained p value \<0.05. This study concluded that the administration of Bajakah tea extract at a dose of 9 mg/200gram BW/day for 14 days increase HDL, reduce triglyceride and total cholesterol levels (p\<0,05).

}, keywords = {HDL levels, Hyperlipidemia, Pirated tea extract, Total cholesterol., Triglycerides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.155}, author = {Sampurna and Andin Putri Aulia and Eka Puji Liashari and Happy Hapsari and Syafrie Sahrul Gibran and Siti Thomas Zulaikhah} } @article {1903, title = {Effects of Satureja brevicalyx essential oil inhalation on coping premenstrual syndrome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {728-735}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {728}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of Satureja brevicalyx essential oil inhalation on premenstrual syndrome. Methods: The oils were extracted by hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, a quasi-experimental study was conducted, where 61 participants were divided in two groups, comprising an experimental with essential oils and a control group with no treatment. Main psychological symptoms were assessed with the used of Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) as well as total score of premenstrual syndrome was evaluated with Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS). Results: chemical analysis showed that linalool (17.6\%) was the main component. All variables showed a decrease in posttest study phase in comparison with pretest in experimental group (p\<0.05). A large size effect was observed for anxiety (d = 1.25; Δ = 1.35). Besides, moderate changes were found for depression (d = 0.79; Δ= 0.81) and premenstrual syndrome total score (d = 0.62; Δ = 0.56). Conclusion: The essential oil of Satureja brevicalyx exerts a potencial use, especially for the treatment of psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Essential oils, Premenstrual syndrome, Satureja brevicalyx}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.160}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Francisco Mercedes Infantes Gomez and Yolanda Elizabeth Rodr{\'\i}guez de Guzm{\'a}n and Taniht Lisseth Cubas Romero and Natalia Mavila Guzm{\'a}n Rodr{\'\i}guez and Olga Gessy Rodr{\'\i}guez Aguilar and Ana Mar{\'\i}a Honores Alvarado and Elsa Roc{\'\i}o Vargas D{\'\i}az and Lesly Alexandra Cabrera Cabrera and Klersy Almendra Truyenque Rom{\'a}n and Edwar Guido Brice{\~n}o Esquivel} } @article {1867, title = {Efficacy and Tolerability of Intravenous Paracetamol Compared to Oral Paracetamol for the Treatment of Childhood Fever}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {537-541}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {537}, abstract = {

Introduction: Paracetamol is widely used as antipiretic in children and has complete rute. The use of enteral rute is limited because of high variability of bioavailability. Intravenous paracetamol commonly used as accessible analgetic in adult. There are limited data about efficacy and tolerability intravenous paracetamol compares to oral paracetamol as antipiretic in children. The aim of the study is to analyse efficacy and tolerability intravenous paracetamol compared to oral paracetamol for treating fever in children. Methods: A randomized, controlled, and open labelled clinical trial was conducted at pediatric ward Soetomo hospital Surabaya. Eligible patients received either intravenous paracetamol or oral paracetamol 10 mg/kgBW and were examined for temperature at 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180 and 240 minutes. Tolerability evaluations included adverse event (AE), physical exam and laboratory assessments. Results: Of 104 patients, 52 received intravenous paracetamol intravena and 52 received oral paracetamol. Mean temperature intravenous group were lower than oral groups, with higher degree of decrease. The difference were achieved at 30, 45, and 60 minutes with p=0.005, 0.002, and 0.006 respectively. Maximum decrease from baseline were achieved at 120-minute for intravenous grup and 180-minute for oral groups. Normal temperature achievement were higher in intravenous group than oral. The adverse event were comparable between the intravenous and oral groups. Conclusion: Intravenous paracetamol is more effective and as safe as oral paracetamol in reducing fever in children.

}, keywords = {Accessible, Efficacy, Fever, Intravenous paracetamol, Tolerability}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.132}, author = {Prastiya Indra Gunawan and Darto Saharso} } @article {1860, title = {Functional Beverages from Blends of Ficus Deltoidea Leaves and Brown Rice Powders: Physico-Phytochemical Properties, Antioxidant Activities, Sensory Evaluation and Acute Toxicity Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {477-489}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {477}, abstract = {

Background: Ficus deltoidea (Ficus: Moraceae) has great potential as a functional food. Administration of F. deltoidea has been reported to reduce hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and increase insulin secretion in diabetic rats and humans. However, the poor bioavailability and intestinal absorption of F. deltoidea impede its therapeutic effectiveness at a lower dosage, thus integrating F. deltoidea into brown rice will provide additional advantages. This study aimed to examine the phyto-physicochemical profile, antioxidant properties, consumer acceptance, and safety of beverages formulated from fine powder mixtures of F. deltoidea leaves and brown rice. Methods: The new beverage formulations were prepared by mixing the fine powders of F. deltoidea leaves with brown rice at ratios of 1:6 and 1:13, respectively. Physicochemical, phytochemical, and antioxidant analyses were performed to characterize the prepared beverages. Consumer acceptance was assessed utilising a 9-point hedonic scale and an acute toxicity study was employed to determine the safety of F. deltoidea-added formulations. Results: F. deltoidea decreased the pH and increased the moisture content, ash, and viscosity of a brown rice beverage. The total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content as well as antioxidant activities increased significantly in both F. deltoidea-added formulations. The oral LD50 of the F. deltoidea-added formulation was higher than 2000 mg/kg body weight. Conclusions: These results suggest that adding F. deltoidea leaves to brown rice beverages is safe to consume and improves the phyto-physicochemical profile, antioxidant activities, and consumers{\textquoteright} acceptance of the formulation.

}, keywords = {9-point hedonic scale., Animal study, DPPH assay, FRAP assay, Functional beverages}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.125}, author = {Nur Ain Sabrina Azmi and Nurdiana Samsulrizal and Siti Aimi Sarah Zainal Abidin and Noor Syaffinaz Noor Mohamad Zin and Norol Hamiza Zamzuri and Yong Meng Goh and Ana Sharmila Shafie and Rohaizad Abdul Raoof} } @article {1846, title = {Genetic Diversity in Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari (Guggul): An Assessment of Populations in Conservation Sites of Kachchh Region (Gujarat) of India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {379-387}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {379}, abstract = {

Introduction: Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari (Guggul) is native to semi-arid to arid zones. Its oleoresin gum is used for both medicinal and non-medicinal applications. Reportedly, the species faces high degree conservation threats. A network of Four Medicinal Plants Conservation Areas (MPCA) was carved out in Kachchh region- under financial support from National Medicinal Plants Board. The species also occurs in sanctuary and protected by default. It is considered important to assess genetic diversity of these conserved populations. Methods: A total of 38 accessions of Guggul leaves were collected from five study sites and the whole genomic DNA was extracted for each sample. Genetic study was carried out using ISSR technique. Scorable bands were obtained for 14 out of 40 primers tested. A total of 49 bands were obtained of which 20 were polymorphic in nature. UPGMA dendrograms were constructed for individual sites and also a collective dendrogram for all the study sites. Results: All the 8 accessions of Tharawada MPCA were observed to share a high similarity coefficient. Among rest of three sites, genetic diversity was seen to be narrow. The accessions obtained from NSWS displayed good diversity. These accessions were also noted to be distant to the populations captured in the MPCA sites. Conclusions: Established MPCA sites capture the available gene pool of Commiphora wightii of Kachchh region. Since NSWS populations are distant to rest of the region, it is suggested to create another site for this purpose. It is desirable to assess the genetic diversity in rest of the MPCA sites.

}, keywords = {Gene Pool, Guggulu, In-situ conservation, Medicinal Plants Conservation Area, MPCA, UPGMA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.111}, author = {Narasimha Baba Brindavanam and Gurinderjit Singh Goraya and Santosh Pal Singh and Amandeep Kumar and Ankita Tiwari and Badari Narayan Sarvepalli and Pankaj Prasad Raturi} } @article {1873, title = {In Silico Screening of Bioactive Compounds from Garcinia mangostana L. Against SARS-CoV-2 via Tetra Inhibitors}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {575-579}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {575}, abstract = {

The global COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been the resulted of massive human deaths since early 2020. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an inhibitor of RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp activity of SARS-CoV-2 with an in silico approach. The samples were obtained from PubChem and RCSB PDB. Analysis of the similarity of the drug was carried out with the Swiss ADME on the basis of Lipinski rule of five. Prediction of antivirus probabilities was carried out using PASS Online. Molecular screening was performed using PyRx through molecular docking. Discovery Studio was used for visualization. The bioactive compounds with the highest antiviral potential were indicated with the lowest binding affinity to the targeted proteins RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp of SARS-CoV-2. The results indicated that mangiferin has the greatest potential as a potential antiviral. However, more research is required to validate the results of these computational predictions.

}, keywords = {Antiviral agent, Garcinia mangostana L., in silico, SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.138}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Elsa Yuniarti and Saddam Al Aziz and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Riso Sari Mandeli and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Devi Purnamasari and Budhi Oktavia and Amalia Putri Lubis and Fajriah Azra and Fadhilah Fitri and ANM Ansori and Maksim Rebezov and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1832, title = {In Silico Screening of Bioactive Compounds from Syzygium cumini L. and Moringa oleifera L. Against SARS-CoV-2 via Tetra Inhibitors}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {267-272}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {267}, abstract = {

The global pandemic of COVID-19 has caused disastrous consequences for both humans and the economy. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of juwet (Syzygium cumini L.) and moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) as inhibitors of RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp activity of SARS-CoV-2 with an in-silico approach. Samples were obtained from PubChem and RSCB PDB databases. The drug similarity analysis was determined using Swiss ADME and the Lipinski rule of five. Prediction of antivirus probabilities is carried out with PASS Online. Molecular screening is performed by molecular docking using PyRx. Visualization was used using PyMol and Discovery Studio. The bioactive compounds with the best antiviral potential had the lowest affinity bonds to the target proteins against RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp of SARS-CoV-2. Results show that ellagic acid from java plum and myricetin from moringa have the best potential as potential antivirals. However, more research is required to validate the results of these computational predictions.

}, keywords = {Antiviral agent, in silico, Moringa Oleifera L, SARS-CoV-2, Syzygium cumini L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.95}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Devni Prima Sari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Devi Pernamasari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Riso Sari Mandeli and Muhardi and Budhi Oktavia and Trisna Kumala Sari and Titi Sriwahyuni and Putri Azhari and Mirella Fonda Maahury and ANM Ansori and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1872, title = {In Silico Study of Entry Inhibitor from Moringa oleifera Bioactive Compounds against SARS-CoV-2 Infection}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {565-574}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {565}, abstract = {

The aim of this study is to screen the content of bioactive compounds of Moringa oleifera and to identify its potential as an antiviral against COVID 19 through an entry inhibitor mechanism using bioinformatics tools. The sample was obtained from PubChem database. Amino acis sequences were obtained from the NCBI. Protein modeling is made through the SWISSMODEL site. The target proteins for this study were SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and RdRp. The protein-inhibitory interaction of the drug from M. oleifera bioactive compounds to SARS-CoV-2 was predicted by molecular docking with PyRx software. The result shows that M. oleifera was a potential antiviral candidate for SARS-CoV-2 with an entry inhibitor mechanism through a compound, especially quercetin. The RFMS value of both interactions between Mpro and quercetion and RdRp with quercetin were not higher than 1.05. This result still needed further research to prove this prediction.

}, keywords = {Active site, COVID-19, Moringa oleifera, Mpro, RdRp}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.137}, author = {Nala Mawaddani and Ekris Sutiyanti and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Syamsurizal and Bayu Ramadhani Fajri and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Dony Novaliendry and Dwi Hilda Putri and Fadhilah Fitri and Devni Prima Sari and Alexander Patera Nugraha and ANM Ansori and Maksim Rebezov and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1912, title = {In Silico Study of the Potential of Endemic Sumatra Wild Turmeric Rhizomes (Curcuma Sumatrana: Zingiberaceae) As Anti-Cancer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {806-812}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {806}, abstract = {

Cancer is one of the diseases that is the highest cause of death in humans. Most human cancer cells are formed as a result of over-expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. Thus, the activation of these proteins can inhibit pro-apoptotic proteins, then apoptosis will be inhibited so that other apoptotic pathways need to be activated to prevent cancer cells from developing. Current cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy using synthetic compounds, have various side effects, so research on natural based therapies can be used as an alternative in cancer treatment. Curcuma sumatrana is one of the plants of the Zingiberaceae family which is an endemic plant from Sumatra which is found along the Bukit Barisan. The research was carried out in silico by analyzing the potential bioactivity of the compounds, testing the bioavailability, toxicity, and molecular docking of the bioactive compounds from the ethanol extract of the rhizome of C. sumatrana which had been previously identified through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis. The results obtained that the compound 9-Acetyl-S-octahydrophenanthrene and 3-Oxoandrosta- 1,4-dien-17.beta.-spiro-2{\textquoteright}-3{\textquoteright}-oxo-oxetanecontained in C. sumatrana has the potential to be developed as an anticancer where the compound has good bioavailability value and is not toxic and potentially can trigger apoptosis. However, the results of this study need to be analyzed further with an in vitro or in vivo approach.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, C. sumatrana, in silico}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.171}, author = {Aldi Tamara Rahman and Rafia and Aiken Jethro and Putra Santoso and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Devi Purnamasari and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and ANM Ansori and Kuswati and Riso Sari Mandeli and Kawther Ameen Muhammed Saeed Aledresi and Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and Maksim Rebezov and Rahadian Zainul and Kiran Dobhal and Tarun Parashar and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Deffi Ayu Puspito Sari} } @article {1914, title = {An In Silico Study to Explore the Role of EGFR in Ovarian Cancer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {817-821}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {817}, abstract = {

EGFR is a tyrosine kinase receptor that has a role in the tumorigenesis of many types of solid tumors. Aberrantly phosphorylated or overexpressed EGFR is associated with cellular proliferation, prevention of apoptosis, activation of invasion and metastasis, and stimulation of tumor-induced neovascularization. EGFR{\textquoteright}s hyperactivity has been observed in ovarian cancer. Although conventional chemotherapy and surgery for advanced ovarian cancer have improved over the years, still there is a critical need for the development of molecular targeted therapies. The major challenge for this approach is the complete understanding of the protein structure of this mega receptor. In this study, we explored this receptor using in silico tools. The protein structure of the EGFR kinase domain (PDB ID: 1M17) and co-crystal containing EGFR and PTP1B kinase domain fragment (PDB ID: 3I7Z) were obtained from the RCSB Protein Data Bank. We performed protein-protein docking using BioLuminate. It was found in this study that the DADEYL segment of EGFR (position 988-993) which includes autophosphorylated tyrosine at position 992, is the segment that is responsible for the overexpression of this receptor in ovarian cancer. There are currently two main classes of clinically-approved drugs which downregulate EGFR activity; tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). However, treatment with both type of therapies has been met with shortcomings. Therefore, there is a need for further studies to explore the suitable ligands that can downregulate its activity.

}, keywords = {EGFR, In silico study, Protein-protein docking, Tyrosine kinases}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.173}, author = {Vikash Jakhmola and Tarun Parashar and Pallavi Ghildiyal and ANM Ansori and Rajeev Kumar Sharma and N. G. Raghavendra Rao and Kapil Kalra and Nishan Singh and Nidhi Nainwal and Rajeev Kumar Singh and M. P Singh and Vishwadeepak Kimothi and Alok Bhatt and Ashish Dimri and Ravi Kumar and Amit Semwal and Nur Sofiatul Aini and Maksim Rebezov} } @article {1769, title = {Pasuchaca (Geranium ruizii Hieron.): A Medicinal Plant of the Geraniaceae Family with Hypoglycemic Effect on Alloxan-Induced Hyperglycemia in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {315-321}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {315}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study aims to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Geranium ruizii on alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in albino mice. Material and Methods: Geranium ruizii was collected in Huancayo, Junin, Peru. A phytochemical analysis was carried out to confirm the chemical groups. In the pharmacological study, hyperglycemia was induced with alloxan at doses of 170 mg/kg in male albino mice, animals with blood sugar levels above 250 mg/dL were included in the protocol. Mice were randomized into five groups (I: Alloxan 170 mg/Kg; II, III and IV (Geranium ruizii extract: 50; 150 and 300 mg/Kg body weight); and V: glibenclamide, 5mg/Kg B.W. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, saponins and phenolic compounds. It is observed that at doses of 50, 150 and 300 mg/kg reduced blood glucose at 14 days of treatment. Conclusion: The hypoglycemic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Geranium ruizii, administered orally in mice with alloxan-induced hyperglycemia was effective with 150 mg/Kg body weight.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic drugs, Antioxidants, Geranium ruizii, Herbal therapy, Medicinal plants, Pasuchaca}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.40}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Renan Dilton Ha{\~n}ari-Quispe and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte and Luz Josefina Chacaltana-Ramos and Eddie Loyola-Gonzales and Melva Iparraguirre-Meza and Mildred Hilda C{\'o}ndor- Privat and Beatriz Lilian Galdos-Vadillo and Jenny Mendoza-Vilcahuaman and Rossibel Juana Mu{\~n}oz-de-la-Torre} } @article {1874, title = {The phytochemical and pharmacological activity of extract Kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata L.) leaves: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {580-586}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {580}, abstract = {

C. odorata L. is considered to be a plant weed that is scattered in various climates. As a weed, this plant contains a variety of beneficial secondary metabolites. Several studies have shown the benefits of C. odorata L. leaf extract. This study reviews the metabolite content and the pharmacological activities of C. odorata L. leaf extract. A literature search was carried out to obtain various studies related to the use of this plant extract. Secondary metabolites identified in C. odorata L. are alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. Several reports have also shown that even though it is considered a weed, C. odorata L. leaf extract also provides many benefits due to its pharmacological activities. Various pharmacological activities include anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, antidyslipidemia, hematologic agent, antidiabetic and anti-cataract, analgesic and antipyretic, wound healing, anti-malaria, mosquito larvicidal, antihypercholesterolemia, and antifungal.

}, keywords = {Characterization, Chromolaena odorata, Kirinyuh, Pharmacological activity, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.139}, author = {Erna Harfiani and Yudhi Nugraha and Citra Ayu Aprilia and Feda Anisah Makkiyah and Ratna Puspita and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Riso Sari Mandeli and Mirella Fonda Maahury and Devi Purnamasari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Asmi Citra Malina A. R. Tasakka and Alexander Patera Nugraha and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1791, title = {Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of Virginia tobacco Leaves (Nicotiana tabacum L. var virginia) Fractions with DPPH and FTC Methods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {544-548}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {544}, abstract = {

Introduction: Virginia tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum var. Virginia) is one of the most extensive varieties of tobacco plants. Nicotiana tabacum var. Virginia leaves known to contain alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenol, flavonoids, triterpenoids and glycosides. In addition to cigarette raw materials, tobacco is also able to be efficacious as an antibacterial, antifungal and bioinsecticide. Objective: The aim of this study to determine the total phenol and total flavonoids and also antioxidant activity of Virginia tobacco leaves fractions. The fraction with the largest compound content was evaluated further for its antioxidant activity. Methods: Virginia tobacco leaves was fractioned into dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate, butanol and water fractions. Phenol levels were determined with Follin-Ciocalteu reagent using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer method measured at 743.50 nm and gallic acid as a reference compound. Total flavonoid levels were determined with AlCl3 reagent using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer method measured at 434.50 nm and quercetin as a reference compound. Antioxidant activity was evaluated with DPPH and Ferric Thiocyanate (FTC) method and the standard used was quercetin. Results: Total phenol levels in Virginia tobacco leaves of DCM, ethyl acetate, butanol and water fractions respectively were 191.2386 mgGAE/g, 201.2913 mgGAE/g, 180.5714 mgGAE/g, 212.8692 mgGAE/g. Total Flavonoid levels respectively were 6.0927 mgQE/g, 6.9659 mgQE/g, 5.1112 mgQE/g, 8.3346 mgQE/g. Antioxidant of water fraction was evaluated further using DPPH and FTC method with IC50 respectively were 75.9148μg/ml and 67.8972 μg/ml. Conclusion: Overview of total phenol and flavonoid levels fractions and antioxidant can be used as an additional initial reference for Virginia tobacco leaves development as source of medicinal substances.

}, keywords = {Atherosclerosis, Hylocereus polyrhizus, LDL cholesterol levels, Red dragon fruit peel}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.69}, author = {Kori Yati and Misri Gozan and Mardiastuti and Vivi Anggia and Rini Prastiwi and Mahdi Jufri} } @article {1756, title = {Phytochemical Investigation and Biological Screening of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Salvia hispanica L. Aerial Parts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {226-234}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {226}, abstract = {

Introduction: Salvia hispanica L. is an annual herbaceous plant commonly known as "Chia", native of southern Mexico and northern Guatemala. The aim of this study is isolation, identification of secondary metabolites and evaluation of biological activities of ethyl acetate fraction of Salvia hispanica L. aerial parts. Methods: Air dried powdered of Salvia hispanica L. aerial parts was extracted by maceration and fractionated using light petroleum, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate solvents. Ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to column and thin layer chromatography for isolation of secondary metabolites that are characterized by UV-Vis, FT-IR, EI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectral analyses. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS technique was used on the same fraction. In-vitro biological evaluation of the fraction carried out for anti-oxidant activity using DPPH assay, anti-obesityactivity using pancreatic lipase inhibitory assay,anti-diabetic activity usingα -amylase inhibition assay andanti-cancer activities usingcell viability assay. Results: Six compounds were isolated including 1,2,4,5 tetrahydroxy benzene (1), leucantho flavone (2), rhamnetin (3), apigenin-7-O-β- D-glucoside(4), rosmarinic acid (5) and kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucoside (6). The identification of thirty seven compounds byUPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. A strong DPPH scavenging activity with IC50 13.11compared to ascorbic acid, anti-obesity activity with IC50 59.3 compared to orlistate, anti-diabetic activity with IC50 95.2 compared to acarbose. High cytotoxic activity against lung carcinoma, colon carcinoma and moderately cytotoxic activity against prostate carcinoma cell lines. Conclusions: Salvia hispanica L. is a strong antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic against lung and colon cancer.

Key words: Anti-oxidant, Anti-obesity, Leucantho flavone, Salvia hispanica, 1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxy benzene, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.28}, author = {Ehsan M. Abou Zeid and Afaf E. Abdel Ghani and Marwa Y. Mahmoud and Rehab H. Abdallah} } @article {1816, title = {Potential Anticancer Activity of Bioactive Compounds from Ipomoea batatas}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {650-659}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {650}, abstract = {

Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.) known as "sweet potato" is a plant species of great importance in the human diet due to the contribution of nutrients and also for its bioactive compounds that have various medicinal properties. Its anticancer activity is one of the properties that attract the attention of researchers in the study of plant species. This review aims to make a critical compilation of current information on research that evaluated the antitumor and antiproliferative activity of Ipomoea batatas. The studies included in this review show a diversity of bioactive compounds present in Ipomoea batatas such as phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, flavonoids, coumarins and sterols; also isolated compounds such as pectin, peptides and glycoproteins that can be related to their biological activity. It is concluded that there are positive results about Ipomoea batatas and its anticancer activity evaluated through in vitro and in vivo tests. In humans, safety and efficacy trials are still lacking to support its future use and allow drug development. Further research evaluating the safety and efficacy of reported bioactive compounds in Ipomoea batatas is important for the development of this promising area.

}, keywords = {Antiproliferative, Antitumoral., Cancer, Sweet potato}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.84}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Julio Hilario-Vargas and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Anabel D. Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco} } @article {1851, title = {Preparation of Karkataka Taila, an Edible crab Rasayana, and assessment of its toxicological effects on SH-SY5Y cell line and on Drosophila melanogaster embryos}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {423-431}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {423}, abstract = {

Background: Karkataka Taila (KT) is a virgin coconut oil (VCO) based Rasayana formulation that is enriched with the flesh of freshwater edible crab, Scylla serrata, used to treat Parkinson{\textquoteright}s Disease (PD) or Kampavata by local Ayurveda practitioners of Kerala state. There is no scientific study carried out on its toxicological effects so far. Objective: To understand the ayurvedic preparation method for KT and assessment of the toxicological effects of the KT and VCO on SH-SY5Y cell lines and Drosophila melanogaster embryos. Materials and methods: The SH-SY5Y cell lines treated with different concentrations of KT and VCO range from 6.25 μg/ml to 100 μg/ml and Drosophila melanogaster embryos fed with food containing different concentrations of KT and VCO, ranging from 0.005 \% to 10 \%. Results: KT and VCO did not show any significant cytotoxicity effect on SH-SY5Y cell lines up to a dose concentration of 25 μg. But, at 50 μg and 100 μg concentrations, KT has shown a cytotoxic effect and it was higher than the VCO. The toxicological analysis in Drosophila has shown that the survival rate of the KT treated group at concentration ranges from 0.005 \% to 10 \% is significantly decreased from 78.8 \% to 27.7 \%, compared to the control group, whereas in VCO treated group, at 0.005 \% to 10 \%, the survival rate has decreased from 76.2 \% to 66 \%, which is marginally higher than the KT treated group. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that as the concentration of Rasayana in the medium increases, there is a noticeable adverse effect on the percentage viability in SH-SY5Y cell lines and in the number of offspring in Drosophila. The effect of vehicle, VCO, at the same concentration has shown a protective effect on cell lines and flies. It can be concluded that the toxic effect has been observed only at higher concentrations of KT and at the lower concentration, the toxic effect has been minimal.

}, keywords = {Drosophila melanogaster, Rasayana, SH-SY5Y, Toxicology, Virgin coconut oil.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.117}, author = {Deepika NP and Shyamala Baragur and Mudavath Ravi Naik and Shanker Kalakotla and Muhasina KM and Puja Ghosh and Basavan Duraiswamy} } @article {1809, title = {Standardization Study of Khurtsiin deed-6 Traditional Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {610-621}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {610}, abstract = {

Introduction: Although traditional medicines are widely used, quality and safety of some of them are not ensured due to lack of suitable quality controls and inadequate labeling. he diagnostic cellular structures and cell content for all powdered ingredients in Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine were defined by {\textquotedblleft}Novel{\textquotedblright} light microscopy. Biologically active compounds were identified by using TLC and HPLC. Main biologically active compounds contents were determined by UV spectrophotometer methods. Some quality and safety parameters of Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine were determined by Mongolian National First Pharmacopoeia methods. Results: Some quality and safety parameters of the traditional medicine were determined as: moisture 9.63{\textpm}0.09\%, total ash 4.725{\textpm}0.22\%, and water-soluble extractive 21.28{\textpm}0.11\%, Alcohol soluble extractive total 46.30{\textpm}0.09\%, aerobic microbial count 5x103, total yeast and mold count 3x102. The fingerprints of TLC and HPLC to reveal gallic acid, apigenin, costunolide, E-guggulsterone were defined. The total contents were measured for phenolic compounds as 65.95{\textpm}1.05 mg/g and for flavonoids as 10.55 {\textpm}0.16 mg/g. Conclusion: The standardization criteria for Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine were defined and Mongolian National Pharmacopeia Monograph{\textquoteright}s draft for Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine was developed.

}, keywords = {Gallic acid, Herbal medicine, High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography, Thin layer Chromatography.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.79}, author = {Myadagbadam and Purevsuren S and Chimedragchaa CH and Tserenkhand G and Norovnyam R} } @article {1823, title = {Traditional Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Urological and Urogenital Diseases in Ethiopia: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {722-733}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {722}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ethiopia is recognized as one of the richest biodiversity in Africa. The present review aimed to compile relevant information on medicinal plants traditionally used to manage urogenital diseases in Ethiopia. Methods: Different literatures published specifically on ethnobotanical use of medicinal plants in scientific journals, books, theses and proceedings were reviewed. Data from literatures were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) Version 20 and an Excel spreadsheet and reported using descriptive statistics, frequency, and percentage. Results: A total of 146 medicinal plants are reported in the reviewed literature. It was distributed in 127 genera and 64 families. Cucurbitaceae (7.51\%), Asteriaceae (7.51\%), Euphorbaceae (6.20\%) and Apiaceae (4.80\%) were family{\textquoteright}s accounts of high number of species. A higher diversity of medicinal plants was reported from Southern nations and nationalities (44.5\%), Oromia (41.1\%) and Amhara (27.4\%) regional states. The most frequently reported growth form of medicinal plants indicated in the review was herbs (46.8\%), followed by shrubs (32.6\%). Root (36.2\%) and leaves (35.3\%) were the most used parts. Decoction (26.1\%), concoction (16.5\%) and pounding (11.9\%) were the most frequently reported remedy preparation methods and were administered orally. Conclusion: The present review indicated that urogenital diseases were managed with different medicinal plants throughout the regions of Ethiopian needed scientifically confirmed in order to produce safe and effective drugs from natural products.

}, keywords = {Ethiopia., Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine, Urological diseases}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.92}, author = {Kebede Feyisa and Wondu Feyisa and Ture Girma and Teyiba Kemal} } @article {1720, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Identification of Annona Squamosa Leaves Methanolic Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1746-1750}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1746}, abstract = {

The antioxidant activity of Annona squamosa (A. squamosa) leaf was carried out using methanol extract and fractionated extract namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate and residue. The antioxidant activity of methanol extract and fractionated was performed using the 1-diphenyl-2-Pycrilhydrazil (DPPH) method. The antioxidant activity test of methanol extract and fractionated n-hexane, ethyl acetate and residue yielded IC50 of 6.87, 169.99, 31.55 and 44.75 ppm. The ethyl acetate fraction extract with IC50 31.55 ppm was performed by column chromatography using silica gel G60 as the stationary phase and n-hexane: ethyl acetate as the mobile phase. The results of column chromatography obtained 181 fractions and were combined based on the stain pattern into 4 subfractions. Antioxidant test of each subfraction showed that the ASE 3 subfraction had the strongest antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the subfraction was analyzed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). According, GC-MS data analysis showed that the third subfraction contained 19 phytochemical compounds, where 3 compounds having the highest concentration, namely 4,4{\textquoteright}-((p-Phenylene)diisopropylidene) diphenol, dodecanoic acid, methyl ester and phthalic acid, isobutyl 2-methylpent-3-yl ester.

}, keywords = {Annona squamosa, antioxidant activity, GC-MS., Plant extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.225}, author = {Mustanir and Nurdin and Binawati Ginting} } @article {1607, title = {Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethanol Extract of Annona cherimola Mill. On Paracetamol-Induced Liver Toxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {874-882}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {874}, abstract = {

Background: Annona cherimola Mill. (A. cherimola) is mainly characterized by its antioxidant and cytoprotective properties due to their content of phenolic compounds. Objective: To evaluate antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of leaves from A. cherimola against induced toxicity by paracetamol in rats. Methods: Amount of total phenolics compounds of ethanol extract of A. cherimola Mill. was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH method. Three doses of the ethanol extract of leaves of A. cherimola (250, 500 and 750 mg/Kg/day) were administered to rats and it was evaluated biochemical blood parameters: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured, liver tissue was removed for histopathological analysis. Results: Ethanol extract of leaves from A. cherimola had 41.26 mg GAE/g extract and antioxidant DPPH Scavenging Activity had 85.51\%. A. cherimola reduced blood levels of ALT, AST and ALP, compared to control group Paracetamol, ethanol extract, being more effective at doses of 750 mg/Kg/day. Histopathological evaluation suggested that A. cherimola decreased hepatic necrosis and degenerative process induced by paracetamol. Conclusions: Hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of leaves of A. cherimola was demonstrated, being hepatoprotective activity dose dependent and the mechanism may involve antioxidant activity and total polyphenols found in extract of this plant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, DPPH, Liver, Paracetamol, Rat}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.112}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui- Guarniz and Mar{\'\i}a V. Gonz{\'a}lez-Blas and Anabel D. Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo- Villalaz and Luz M. Guerrero-Espino and Jorge Del Rosario-Ch{\'a}varri and Julio Hilario-Vargas} } @article {1389, title = {Antioxidant Capacity and Protective Effect of Aqueous and Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Senecio rhizomatus Rusby "Llancahuasi" on Erythrocytes Subjected to Oxidative Stress}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {516-527}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {516}, abstract = {

Objective. To evaluate the antioxidant capacity and protective effect of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Senecio rhizomatus Rusby in rat erythrocytes subjected to oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Methodology. This study used an experimental design. The extracts were obtained through maceration with 96{\textdegree} ethanol (SeR96), 70{\textdegree} ethanol (SeR70), 50{\textdegree} ethanol (SeR50) and through infused water (SeRAc). Secondary metabolites were identified through colorimetric reactions and precipitation. In each extract, we could determine the capacity to eliminate 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), the reduction of ferric ion and the total polyphenol content. In addition, the activity on the plasma membrane redox system (PMRS) was evaluated in each extract. The protection against oxidative stress in erythrocytes was evaluated by determining the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Results. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, sesquiterpene lactones and sugars were identified in all the extracts. The total polyphenols content showed a correlation with the reduction of ferric ion (r=0.885) and with DPPH radicals elimination (r = -0.899), where the one with the highest antioxidant capacity was SeR50. Thus, the SeR50 (all concentrations) and SeR70 (100 μg/mL concentration) significantly increased the PMRS activity compared to the control group. After inducing oxidative stress in erythrocytes, all the extracts maintained the GSH level and inhibited MDA formation significantly compared to the H2O2 group. Conclusion. The antioxidant capacity of hydroalcoholic extracts (96{\textdegree}, 70{\textdegree}, 50{\textdegree}) and aqueous infusion of Senecio rhizomatus Rusby is related to the content of polyphenols. They increase the plasma membrane redox system activity in rat erythrocytes and protect them from oxidative stress induced with H2O2, showing an increase in the concentration of reduced glutathione and a decrease in malondialdehyde.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Lipoperoxidation, Plasma membrane redox system, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reduced glutathione}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.65}, author = {Justil-Guerrero Hugo Jes{\'u}s and Ch{\'a}vez-Flores Juana Elvira and C{\'a}rdenas-Orihuela Robert Armando and Ramos- Jaco Antonio Guillermo and {\~N}a{\~n}ez-del-Pino Daniel and V{\'a}squez-Quispe {\'A}ngel David and Rojas-Cardenas Nathalie Felicita and Fern{\'a}ndez-Flores N{\'e}lber} } @article {1628, title = {Azadirachta indica (Neem) Water Leaf Extract Inhibits Melanin Production and Tyrosinase Activity in B16F10 Melanoma Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {1030-1035}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1030}, abstract = {

Introduction: Abnormal melanin production can cause pigmentary disorder such as hyperpigmentation. Finding a potent medicinal plants that can prevent pigment disorder. Objective: This study was to investigate the potential of leaf extract from Azadirachta indica var siamensis valeton to inhibit melanin formation or melanogenesis. Materials and Methods: A.indica leaf extract was tested for phenolic and flavonoid content assay. Tests using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay were administered to determine the toxicity of A.indica leaf extract in B16F10 melanoma cells. Melanin content and tyrosinase activity assays were used to determine the potential for the inhibition of melanogenesis. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Results: It was found that A.indica leaf extract per gram has a total phenolic content of 28.73 {\textpm} 0.30 mg gallic acid equivalents and flavonoid of 12.48 {\textpm} 0.00 mg rutin equivalent. In addition, we found that these herbal extracts decreased the melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 melanoma cells without any toxicity. This study suggested that the melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 melanoma cells were decreased without any cytotoxicity by the A.indica leaf water extract. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that A.indica leaf water extract inhibits melanin production through reducing tyrosinase activity. These results could be useful as a therapeutic treatment for skin hyperpigmentation disorders as well as an effective ingredient in whitening cosmetics.

}, keywords = {Azadirachta indica, Hyperpigmentation, Melanin, Melanogenesis, Tyrosinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.133}, author = {Thanitsara Songtavisin and Benjamart Pratoomthai and Warachin Gangnonngiw and Jarinyaporn Naowaboot} } @article {1379, title = {Bioactive Secondary Metabolite from Endophytic Aspergillus Tubenginses ASH4 Isolated from Hyoscyamus muticus: Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {434-442}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {434}, abstract = {

Background: Endophytes are the richest sources of natural compounds, showing biological varieties and pharmacological activities. Objective: This study aims to isolate bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic Aspergillus tubenginses with study the biological activity of the isolated bioactive compounds. Materials and Methods: Anofinic acid were obtained from Aspergillus tubenginses crude extract using chromatographic techniques and characterized by spectral analysis. Results: Nine endophytic fungi were isolated from Hyoscyamus muticus plant. The most efficient isolate was AF3 identified as Aspergillus tubenginses ASH4 by 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Anofinic acid is an isolated active metabolite biosynthesized by A. tubenginsis was extracted from ethyl acetate with UPAC name of 2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carboxylic acid. It shows a strong antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Bacillus subtilis. Moreover, anofinic acid inhibits biofilm formation and has antioxidant activity, with strong activity against some carcinoma cells such as HCT-116, Hep-G2 and MCF-7. Conclusion: Anofinic acid was purified from the endophytic Aspergillus tubenginses crude extract and showed antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, anticancer activities.

}, keywords = {Aspergillus tubenginses, Bioactive secondary metabolite, Endophytes, Hyoscyamus muticus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.55}, author = {Heba I Elkhouly and Ahmed A Hamed and Asmaa M El Hosainy and Mosad A Ghareeb and Nagwa M Sidkey} } @article {1658, title = {Determination of Urinary Methyl Hippuric Acid Using Shimadzu UV-Visible Spectrophotometer Among Petroleum Employees}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1277-1281}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1277}, abstract = {

Xylene is a significant part of petroleum and a broadly considered as a natural impure material. About 98\% of Xylene is extracted from the petrochemical and petrol refining factories. It is one of the major genotoxicant part in petroleum, which may initiate various diseases but malignancy is questionable. Taking into consideration, we intend to identify the urinary methyl hippuric acid level which is metabolic product of xylene among petroleum station employees as well as in healthy persons. Aims and Objectives: To identify the occupational exposure of xylene in petrol station employees by assessing urinary methyl hippuric acid level. To determine and compare the level of urinary methyl hippuric acid among healthy individuals and petrol station employees. Materials and Methods: Urine samples were collected from 30 healthy individual (control) and 30 petroleum employees (case) working in petroleum station who are above 18 years of age. The urinary methyl hippuric acid (MHA) level was analysed by using Shimadzu UV-Visible Spectrophotometer method. Results: The urinary Methyl hippuric acid level was significantly higher in petroleum station employees than in healthy individuals (p\<0.001). Conclusion: The urinary MHA level is a helpful tool to identify the occupational exposure of people who work in petrol and petroleum product. Subsequently, our investigation accentuates that proper precautionary measure and efficiently bio-observing should be taken among petrol station employees which will assist with reducing their likely degrees of risk related with the occupation. It might start the cancer-causing disease through the cellular DNA changes and induce genotoxic effects.

}, keywords = {Occupational Exposure, Urine Methyl Hippuric Acid Level, UV Spectrophotometry, Xylene}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.161}, author = {Vidya Gowdappa Doddawad and B.M. Gurupadayya and Shivananda S and Vidya CS and Azhar Mohammed and Bhuyan L} } @article {1714, title = {Effect of a Gel Based on Ipomoea batatas (Purple Sweet Potato) on Dermal Wound Healing in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1720-1726}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1720}, abstract = {

Background: Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (I. batatas) is a root native from South America that is characterized by its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties contribute to the wound healing process. Objective: To evaluate the healing activity of a gel based on I. batatas on dermal wound healing in mice. Material and methods: An acid ethanolic extract (1.5 N hydrochloric acid: Ethanol 96 {\textdegree} 15:85, v / v) was prepared with the peels of the roots of I. batatas "purple sweet potato", which was incorporated into the formulations 0.5\% and 1\% gel. Mus musculus Balb / c with induced injury were distributed in four experimental groups: Group I (Control), which did not receive any treatment. Group II (Gel base), Group III (Gel I. batatas 0.5\%) and Group IV (Gel I. batatas 1\%) received the daily administration of topical treatments for 14 days. Wound closure was determined during the experimentation time, then they were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital 60 mg / kg / pc v.ip. to obtain skin samples for histopathological analysis. Results: Group IV shows a higher percentage of wound closure, which is also evidenced in histopathological changes. Conclusions: The 1\% gel based on the ethanolic extract of the peels of the roots of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. they show healing activity in wounds induced in mice, being the most effective treatment.

}, keywords = {Histology, Ipomoea batatas, Skin., Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.222}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Cristel M. Ortiz-Noriega and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Luz M. Guerrero-Espino and William A. Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Anabel D. Gonz{\'a}lez- Siccha and Mar{\'\i}a V. Gonz{\'a}lez-Blas and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco and Jorge Del Rosario-Ch{\'a}varri and Patricia Contreras- Vera and Julio Hilario-Vargas} } @article {1638, title = {Ethnobotanical Study of the Traditional Use and maintenance of Medicinal Plants by the People of Aleta-Chuko Woreda, South Ethiopia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1097-1108}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1097}, abstract = {

Background: Over centuries, indigenous people have developed their own locality specific knowledge on plant use, management and conservation. However, this valuable traditional knowledge on utilization of plants was not much documented and hence, most of the indigenous knowledge acquired by the local people has been passed on from generation to generation by the word of mouth. Ethnobotanical study is of the use and maintenance of traditional medicinal plant species by the people of Aleta Chuko woreda, South Ethiopia. The study made an attempt to assess the indigenous knowledge that equips the community to identify the medicinal plants, formulate the medicines and subsequently administer the curatives used to treat various human and livestock diseases as the threats that could affect their sustainable use. Methods: A total of 100 informants (85 males and 15 females) were selected to collect information on medicinal plant use from five selected kebeles by using non-probability sampling method. Relevant ethnobotanical information was collected through semi-structured interview, field observation and group discussion. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and simple linear correlation coefficient. The study was carried out from September, 2017 to July, 2018. Results: A total of 53 medicinal plant species representing 49 genera and 30 plant families used in the treatment of 92 (81 human and 11 livestock) different ailments. The plant families Lamiaceae, Rutaceae, and Asteraceae were the most dominant groups. Out of the total recorded medicinal plant species, 79\%, 11 \% and 10\%, were used for treating human, livestock and both humans and livestock health problems respectively. Stomachache and cough were the most common health problems of the study area affecting both humans and animals. 60\% of the medicinal plant species were collected from the wild/forest and the remaining 40\%were collected from the Homegardens. Herbs were the dominant medicinal plant habit, followed by shrubs and trees. Leaves are the dominant plant part used in formulating curative preparations. The most dominant methods of preparation were crushing and pounding and 70.5\% is the dominant route of oral administration. Fagaropsis angolensis was the most effective curatives species against stomach ache, the most common human disease in the study area, followed by Leonotis nepetifolia, and Ajuga integrifolia, Ocimum lamiifolium was the most preferred medicinal plant to treat headache followed by Echinops kebericho and Salvia nilotica. Conclusions: The Coffee-Enset based home gardens which characterize the study area make a substantial contribution to the conservation of medicinal plants species. In order to conserve the traditional medicinal plant species of the study area, community-based in-situ and ex-situ conservation actions, awareness creation in the younger members, and strengthening home gardens and other components of the agro-forestry systems to be used as repositories of medicinal plant species and alternative conservation sites are recommended.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, Indigenous knowledge, Medicinal plant species, Traditional healers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.142}, author = {Tizazu Gebre and Bhaskarrao Chinthapalli} } @article {1603, title = {Evaluating the Antioxidant and Heavy Metal Content of Pleurotus ostreatus Mushrooms Cultivated using Sugar Cane Agro-Waste}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {844-852}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {844}, abstract = {

Background: Pleurotus ostreatus, is one of the most cultivated mushrooms with great economic and medicinal value that can be easily grown on various bio-waste substrates. However, biosafety evaluations on these mushrooms are rarely conducted. Thus, we sought to evaluate the concentration or presence of Heavy metals in P. ostreatus mushrooms cultivated on agro-bio-waste products. Furthermore, the effect of adding agro wastes on wheat bran (WB) cultivated mushrooms was evaluated. Methods: Mushrooms grown in sugar cane tops and bagasse were supplemented with varying levels of WB. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was applied to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals in the substrates and within mushrooms. Furthermore, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was used to determine antioxidant activity of mushroom extracts. Results: The transfer factor analysis (TF) showed that mushrooms have an affinity to absorb Zn, Cd, Cu and Cr from all tested substrates during cultivation (TF\>1). The addition of WB supplement into substrates resulted into significant increase in mushroom yield. However, the increased addition of WB, inversely affected the DPPH scavenging activity of the P.ostreatus methanolic extracts. Conclusion: The bioabsorption of heavy metals by P. ostreatus is depended on the metal type. Based on these findings, mushrooms grown on these agro-waste appear to be safe and potent scavenging ability against free radicals.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, Heavy metals, Mushrooms, Pleurotus ostreatus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.108}, author = {Senzosenkosi Surprise Mkhize and Mthokozisi Blessing Cedric Simelane and Nothando Lovedale Gasa and Ofentse Jacob Pooe} } @article {1685, title = {Evaluation of Antihelmintic Activity of Indigenous Plants Found in India Including Butea Monosperma, Origanum Majorana, Piper Longum and Embelia Ribes And GC-MS Phytochemical Analysis of Plant Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1464-1471}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1464}, abstract = {

Introduction: Antimicrobial agents are an essential tool in reducing the burden of the infectious diseases. This study aimed to comprehensively determine the antihelmintic activity of indigenous plants found in India including Butea monosperma, Origanum majorana, Piper longum and Embelia ribes. Methodology: Additionally, the profiling of the phytochemical composition of the extracts was done. The preparation of the extract was done using Maceration method. For determination of antihelmintic activity Eisenia fetida were used. The gas chromatography-mass analysis was carried out in GCMS-QP-2010 plus system). Result and conclusion: Aqueous extracts of Embelia ribes and Origanum majorana did not show anthelmintic activity at any of the tested concentrations. Aqueous extract of Butea monosperma showed antihelmintic activity at 20 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml at 1 hour and 2-hour time interval respectively. The aqueous extract of Piper longum showed activity at concentration 20mg/ml and 10 mg/ml at the time interval of 1 hour and 3-hour respectively.

}, keywords = {Antihelmintic, Butea monosperma, Embelia ribes, Origanum majorana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.186}, author = {Kiran Giri and Aradhana Singh and Kamlesh M. Palandurkar and Tuhina Banerjee and Satish Chaurasia} } @article {1425, title = {Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {780-786}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {780}, abstract = {

This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer activity of secondary metabolite compounds from Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg) bark using n-hexane extract based on DPPH radical scavenging and microculture tetrazolium salt (MTT) assay. The chemical structural analysis using NMR, FTIR, and LC-MS spectroscopy confirmed and identified the structure of isolated compound namely (2E)-5(2z.4E)-hexa-2,4,-dio-zyl)-2propylcyclohexanol (C18H30O4) for the first time which is corresponding for the excellent antioxidant and anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell lines with the IC50 value of 99.76 and 10.75 ppm, respectively.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Antioxidant, Bark, n-hexane extract, Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.99}, author = {Binawati Ginting and Mustanir and Nurdin and Maulidna and Murniana and Safrina} } @article {1646, title = {Evaluation of the Anticonvulsant, Anxiolytic, Sedative, and Neuroprotective Activities of Polysaccharides from Mycelium of Two Ganoderma Species}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1161-1173}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1161}, abstract = {

Background: Ganoderma lucidum has been used as a medicinal mushroom since centuries in East Asia. Recent reports have shown that metabolites isolated from Ganoderma species have shown effects on central nervous system. Objective:\ To determine the neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and sedative effects of Ganoderma sp. and Ganoderma curtisii polysaccharides. Methods: Polysaccharides (Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2) were isolated from two Ganoderma mycelia submerged cultures. Acute toxicity effects of Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 on mice were treated orally with doses of 50 - 2000 mg/kg. Anticonvulsant activity was determined using three chemoconvulsants: kainic acid (KA), strychnine, or pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Anxiolytic-like effects were determined using the elevated plus maze test on mice. GABA release evoked by GC-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 content was determined by HPLC. Neuroprotective effects of Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2 were determined by glial activation, histopathological changes, and immunohistochemistry. Results: Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 showed neuroprotective activity by diminishing neuronal death, reducing glial activation and Neu-N expression levels. Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2 inhibited convulsions in the KA model. An anxiolytic-like, but not a sedative effect was reported in mice treated with Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2. Polysaccharides Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 evoked endogenous GABA release and increased its concentration within the incubation medium. Pretreatment with Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2 showed a reduction of the LPSinduced NO production. Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 did not produce toxic effects. Conclusion:\ Ganoderma sp. or Ganoderma curtisii polysaccharides showed neuroprotective and anticonvulsant activities in animal models. The anticonvulsant activity may involve the GABAergic neurotransmision.

}, keywords = {a- and b-glucan, Anticonvulsant, GABA, Ganoderma curtissi, Ganoderma sp, Neuroprotective}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.149}, author = {Veronica Nunez-Urquiza and Juana Villeda-Hernandez and Elizur Montiel-Arcos and Isaac Tello and Victoria Campos-Pena and Maribel Herrera-Ruiz and Mar{\'\i}a del Carmen Guti{\'e}rrez and Vera Petricevich and Mar{\'\i}a Ang{\'e}lica Santana and Martha Navarro and Ang{\'e}lica Berenice Aguilar-Guadarrama and Gabriel Navarrete-V{\'a}zquez and Irene Perea-Arango and Ismael Leon-Rivera} } @article {1369, title = {GC-MS Analysis and Screening of Anti-Proliferative Potential of Methanolic Extract of Garcinia cowa on Different Cancer Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {347-361}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {347}, abstract = {

Introduction: Garcinia cowa (Clusiaceae) is popular among integrative medicine in several communities. This study undertook to evaluate the anti-proliferative activity on cancer cells and its cytotoxic effect on normal cells. Here we are reporting for the first time the metabolomic profiling of G. cowa leaf. Methods: Anti-proliferative potential of ethyl acetate and methanol extract of Garcinia cowa leaf assessed by MTT assay. Metabolomic profiling obtained by GC/ MS analysis. Nuclear morphology visualized by DAPI staining. Caspase activation analysed through spectrophotometric assay. Results: The study reveals, that the methanolic extract is more potential in inducing anti-proliferative activity than ethyl acetate extract. Robust antiproliferative activity of the methanolic extract evidenced in lung cancer cell line, A549 followed by MCF{\textendash}7, HepG2, MOLT {\textendash} 4, MDA-MB-468 cells. The anti-proliferative effect was negligible in normal PBMC. Further, a dose-dependent increase of nuclear fragmentation visualized in A549 cells treated with the methanolic extract. Post methanolic extract treatment upregulation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 also evidenced in A549 cells. GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of phytoconstituents of different phytochemical groups comprising of 3.45\% diterpenoid, 5.45\% triterpenoid, 11.24\% steroid, 2.03\% phytosterol, etc. in methanol extract, as well as 4.53\% diterpenoid, 2.88\% triterpenoid, 1.09\% steroid, 2.11\% phytosterol, etc. in ethyl acetate extract with considerable biological importance. Conclusion: This is the maiden report of the metabolomic profiling of leaf extracts of Garcinia cowa which possess a good repository of potentially bioactive molecules that holds a great promise as a future therapeutic agent in combating lung cancer.

}, keywords = {Anti-proliferative, Cancer, Garcinia cowa, GC-MS, Metabolomic profiling}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.45}, author = {Anirban Chouni and Amrita Pal and Priya K Gopal and Santanu Paul} } @article {1327, title = {In vitro and In vivo Antidiabetic Evaluation of Whole Plant Extracts of Argyreia imbricata (Roth) Sant. and Patel}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {30-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {30}, abstract = {

Background: Plants of the genus Argyreia have been used in traditional and folk medicines and a variety of pharmacological activities have also been reported. Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity in vitro and in vivo of the different extracts of the whole plant Argyreia imbricata. Materials and Methods: The powdered material of the whole plant Argyreia imbricata was extracted with solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol by soxhelation. In vitro antidiabetic activity of all the extracts was evaluated by α{\textendash}amylase and α{\textendash}glucosidase inhibition assay. Based on the results of in vitro evaluation, the extracts selected were subjected to in vivo evaluation on the Wistar albino rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Initially, acute toxicity of the extracts was evaluated and the effective dose (ED50) was fixed. Standard drug Glibenclamide was used for the comparative evaluation. Two doses of test extracts, low dose and high dose were administered to the test animals and their antidiabetic activity was evaluated by means of monitoring the changes in the blood glucose level, hematological and biochemical parameters and histopathology of liver and pancreas of test animals. Results: Based on the results of in vitro evaluation, the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were selected for the in vivo evaluation. ED50 of the test extracts were fixed as 200mg.kg-1. Two doses, 200mg.kg-1 and 400mg.kg-1 of the test extracts were subjected to evaluation. Both the tested extracts possessed the activity, but the methanol, extracts showed significant activity in all aspects. Conclusion: Results of the present study strongly support the antidiabetic activity of tested extracts. Further studies on toxicity, identification isolation of the potential compounds may give useful results for the development of clinically useful chemotherapeutic agents in the future.

}, keywords = {Argyreia imbricata extracts, in vitro antidiabetic activity, In vivo antidiabetic activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.5}, author = {V Sebastin and G Gopalakrishnan and M Sreejith and KI Anoob Kumar} } @article {1624, title = {Isolation and Structural Characterization of Compounds from Blumea lacera}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {999-1004}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {999}, abstract = {

Background: The medicinal plants consider as a rich resource of ingredients which can be used in drug development and synthesis. Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC. is generally used in traditional medicine for the treatment of cough, bronchitis, dysentery, wound healing. The aim of this study is to isolate and identify the compounds from the aerial parts of Blumea lacera. Methods: The aerial parts of B. lacera were dried, powdered and extracted using EtOH, and the concentrated extract was partitioned in succession with n-hexane, CH2Cl2, and EtOAc. From the EtOAc fraction, the compounds were isolated through column chromatography and their chemical structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by comparison of their NMR data with literature data. Results: Repeated column chromatography of the EtOAc-soluble fraction from the aerial parts of B. lacera resulted in the isolation of β-sitosterol (1), campesterol (2), artemetin (3) and acid paracatechuic (4).

}, keywords = {Asteraceae, Blumea lacera, Column chromatography, Flavonoid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.129}, author = {Xuan Phong Pham and Tran Thi Tuyet Nhung and Hoai Nam Trinh and Do Minh Trung and Dang Truong Giang and Binh Duong Vu and Nguyen Trọng Diep and Nguyen Van Long and Van Thu Nguyen and Chu Van Men} } @article {1654, title = {Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Identification of γ- Oryzanol from Rice Bran (Oryza sativa L. cv Ciliwung)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1242-1247}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1242}, abstract = {

Rice Bran (Oryza sativa L. cv Cilliwung) is a by-product of the rice milling process, consisting of an outer layer of rice grains with the whole seed institute. Rice bran oil is a result of rice bran extraction. Rice bran oil contains antioxidant compounds, one of which is oryzanol, so this study aims to determine the levels of or-oryzanol in rice bran. The stages of the research included sample preparation, extraction using Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), followed by Vacuum Liquid Column Chromatography (VLCC) was extracted using the MAE method produced 30 mL of black-brown rice bran oil extract. A total of 8 grams of rice bran extract was obtained at VLCC using eluent (n-hexane: ethyl acetate) with ratios 9:1, 7:3, and 1:1, respectively. Then the five factions obtained were characterized using HPLC, and GC/MS identified the mass of the γ-oryzanol compound.

}, keywords = {Microwave assisted extraction, Rice Bran (Oryza sativa L. cv Cilliwung), Secondary metabolite, γ- Oryzanol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.157}, author = {Maryono and Netti Herawati and Meuthia Aulia Farhani Gaffar and Sartini and Aliyah and Elly Wahyudin} } @article {1323, title = {A New Ursane-Type Triterpene from the Fermented Shallot Allium Ascalonicum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {01-07}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {01}, abstract = {

3,24-acetonideclethric acid (1), a new ursane-type triterpene, and four known compounds including ursolic acid (2), randiasaponin IV (3), ilekudinoside W (4) and (25S)-1β,3β,24β- trihydroxyspirost-5-en 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}2)- α-L-arabinopyranoside (5), and were isolated from the fermented shallot Allium ascalonicum. Their structures were determined by analysis of HR-ESI-MS, NMR spectral data, as well as comparison with those reported in the literature. All of the saponins (3-5) exhibited antimicrobial activity against three strains Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans with IC50 values in the range from 89.49 {\textpm} 2.24 to 95.71 {\textpm} 3.86 μM.

}, keywords = {24-Acetonideclethric acid, 3, Allium ascalonicum, Antimicrobial activity, Saponin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.1}, author = {Nguyen Van Chuyen and Nguyen Hong Son and Pham Van Hien and Dang Truong Giang and Ho Ba Ngoc Minh and Ngo Thi Tuyet Mai and Chu Van Men and Ho Anh Son and Vu Binh Duong} } @article {1615, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Cotinus coggygria Scop. from Armenian Flora}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {933-941}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {933}, abstract = {

Armenian flora is stood out by the variety of its medicinal and edible plants. Here small plants as well as trees and shrubs are met. Cotinus coggygria of Armenian flora is used in folk medicine. The aim of this investigation was to determine the chemical composition of Armenian flora{\textquoteright}s smoke trees leaves{\textquoteright} essential oil and antiradical activity of ethanol extract of leaves and branches of smoke tree. Methods: The aerial parts were extracted by hydrodistillation method, and the composition was analyzed by gas chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer. Antiradical activity of essential oil from leaves and branches was determined by using appropriate methods. Results: The total amount of flavonoids has been determined in the leaves of the smoke tree by miricetin. This analysis revealed that the flavonoid amount in ethanol extract of C. coggygria, growing in Armenia, was 0,94\%. In volatile oil of Smoke tree leaves 22 compounds were determined. The results demonstrated that in the essential oil of leaves of Cotinus from Armenian flora predominated Germacrene D, Linalool, formate, ά {\textendash}Terpineol sesquiterpenes and diterpene alcohol Thunbergol. Ethanol extracts of leaves and branches of Smoke tree showed antioxidant activity. Conclusion: From the results, it is evident that C. coggygria from Armenia flora contains various bioactive compounds and the extracts of leaves pronounced higher antioxidant activity and recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.

}, keywords = {Antiradical activity, Cotinus coggygria Scop., DPPH, Essential oil, Ethanol Extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.120}, author = {NK Shaboyan and AV Moghrovyan and KH Dumanyan and NH Ghukasyan and AA Altunyan and NI Arshakyan and AM Ghazaryan and GR Ulikhanyan and AL Ginosyan and AS Dadayan and NB Chichoyan} } @article {1358, title = {Potential Activity of Medicinal Plants as Pain Modulators: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {248-263}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {248}, abstract = {

This review aims to demonstrate the relevance that medicinal plants and their promising results have in prevention and treatment of pain. The neurophysiological bases of pain have been analyzed and the potential mechanisms of action have been proposed, it has also been determined that the main experimental models used for the evaluation of the analgesic potential are: acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin test, hot-plate test, capsaicin-induced nociception, cinnamaldehyde-induced nociception, glutamate-induced nociception, tail{\textendash}flick test and tail immersion test. There are countless medicinal plants with potential analgesic activity, in some of them main responsible compounds for the activity are flavonoids (vitexin, quercetin, naringenin, astragalin, eupatilin), alkaloids (scotanamine B, bullatine A, S-(+)- dicentrine, stephalagine, lappaconitine), terpenoids (p-cymene, thymol, menthol, citronellol, myrcene, carvacrol, linalool) and saponins (siolmatroside I, cayaponoside D, cayaponoside B4, cayaponoside A1); however, all studies have only been carried out up to pre-clinical stages. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out kinetic studies of the most remarkable natural compounds, evaluate mixtures of active compounds for diminishing doses to avoide possible side effects, and continue with clinical studies of medicinal plants whose safety has already been reported.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Antinociceptive, Extract, Natural product, Pain}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.35}, author = {Carmen R Silva-Correa and Jorge L Campos-Reyna and V{\'\i}ctor E Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Mar{\'\i}a V Gonz{\'a}lez Blas and Cinthya L Aspajo-Villalaz and Jos{\'e} L Cruzado-Razco and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui- Guarniz and Luz M Guerrero-Espino and Julio H} } @article {1647, title = {The Potential Interaction of Ethionamide-Thyroid Hormone Receptor Induces Hypothyroidism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1174-1179}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1174}, abstract = {

Background: Hypothyroidism is a common side effect found in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis taking ethionamide. The mechanism of ethionamide-induced hypothyroidism is potentially caused by the structure of ethionamide compounds chemically similar to thioamide, such as propylthiouracil (C7H8N2S), which inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis. However, hypothyroidism is caused not only by a lack of production but also by signaling alteration. Thyroid hormone action is mediated by thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulate their target genes. Unfortunately, there are limited studies on the potential interaction of ethionamide with TRs. Objective: In the present study, we want to elaborate on the potential interaction of ethionamide with TRs which might alter the thyroid hormone genomic regulation. Methods: Molecular docking studies were used to evaluate the potential interaction between ethionamide with TRα and TRβ. Results: The molecular docking results on TRα showed more than one hydrogen bond{\textendash}steric interaction formed from the ethionamide{\textendash}amino acid residue interaction. Ethionamide{\textendash}TRβ interaction showed more than one steric interaction, but the hydrogen bonds are not visualized. The docking score between ethionamide and TRα is -7.373 kcal/ mol and higher than its interaction with TRβ. Conclusion: These findings indicate that ethionamide can interact with TRα and TRβ. However, the ethionamide{\textendash}TRα interaction is stronger than ethionamide{\textendash}TRβ interaction. Our study reports a novel mechanism of action of ethionamide-induced hypothyroidism.

}, keywords = {Ethionamide, Hypothyroidism, Molecular docking, TRα, TRβ}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.150}, author = {Ronny Lesmana and Firyali Rahmani Shidqi and Hanna Goenawan and Iwan Setiawan and Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo and Farida Suhud and Nasrul Wathoni} } @article {1663, title = {Potential Neuroprotective Activity of Essential Oils in Memory and Learning Impairment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1312-1322}, type = {Review article}, chapter = {1312}, abstract = {

Memory and learning is negatively affected by many factors. Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease is a progressive and irreversible neurological disorder that occurs gradually, a sickness that is increasingly common, and multiple scientific articles suggest that essential oils improve memory and learning and are useful in the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease. This review aims to conduct a critical collection of current information on research into both memory and learning impairment, as well as essential oils that are able to avoid this neurodegenerative disease. Currently, different animal models have been useful for the study of neurodegenerative problems that alter memory and learning, experimental pharmacological, genetic and toxicological models that can simulate specific cognitive deficit syndromes. In addition, research in this review show several essential oil compounds that present positive results in animal studies, but still lack human clinical trials. Therefore, the assessment of the safety and efficacy of these phytochemical compounds in diseases that cause memory impairment and learning, remain a promising area for future research.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer disease, Animal model, Essential oil, Learning, Memory, Neurodegenerative diseases}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.166}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Jorge L. Campos-Reyna and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Luz M. Guerrero-Espino and Anabel D Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Mar{\'\i}a V. Gonz{\'a}lez-Blas and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco and Julio Hilario-Vargas} } @article {1339, title = {Repurposing of FDA Approved Alkaloids as COVID 19 Inhibitors; in silico Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {110-123}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {110}, abstract = {

Background: Alkaloid drugs were permitted for using as a treatment of numerous diseases. Colchicine, codeine, piperine, papaverine, ergometrine, theophylline, theobromine and caffeine are recognized safe alkaloids and used for many human disfunctions. The chemical structures of alkaloids have flexible chemical moieties with various electronic and chemical characters. COVID-19 is a horrible disease as result from that the discovering of potent drugs from previously FDA approved drugs is the main objective of this study. Methods: docking studies were used for discovering the interactions of alkaloids with protease proteins. The nature of selected alkaloids structures was utilized for advance insights studies to predict new medical applications. Results: Docking studies for alkaloids were completed and the obtained outcomes, displayed that all tried alkaloids have great attraction with the five protease proteins, the energy docking score ranged from -2.9516 (for colchicine with 5R82) to -24.7449 (for ergotamine with 5R80) kcal/mol with 1-5 variable interactions bond. Conclusion: Among the tested drugs, papaverine and ergometrine revealed high docking scores for all five proteins (score ranged from, -14.1058 to 23.1619 for papaverine and, -4.7900 to 24.7449 for ergometrine) and number of interactions with all tested proteins are two to three for papaverine but for ergometrine are two to five.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, COVID-19, Docking study, FDA, Natural drugs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.16}, author = {Ehab M Mostafa and Mohammed Gamal and Mohammed M Ghoneim and Shaimaa Hussein and Ahmed H El-Ghorab and Mohamed A Abdelgawad and Arafa Musa} } @article {1393, title = {Synthesis of Novel pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-4-one Derivatives and Assessment as Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Agents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {550-562}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {550}, abstract = {

Objective: Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as one of the serious global health problems of the 21st century that threatens the efficient treatment and prevention of an everincreasing range of infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Therefore, it would be favorable to find promising agents with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity combined in one molecule. Key findings: Pyrimido[4,5-b] quinolines are biologically active compounds that are known to rely primarily on the functional group{\textquoteright}s existence and location. Quinolinbenzo-[ 1,3]oxazin-4-one (3) was prepared and played as electrophilic interface/mediator for the synthesis of many compounds, such as pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline, quinoline-carboxamide and oxoquinazolin-acetamide by reacting with nucleophilic reagent. Summary: Results revealed that pyrimido[4,5-b] quinoline derivatives (17b, 9d and 9c) are the most potent compounds that displayed significant antimicrobial activity along with compounds 17a, 29b, 5, 19, 23b, and 25b that appeared to be more promising as antioxidant agents than ascorbic acid.

}, keywords = {antimicrobial agent, Antioxidant agent, Benzoxazinones, Pyrimidoquinolin, Quinoline}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.69}, author = {Usama Fathy and Rasha S Gouhar and Ahmed Younis and Dina H El-Ghonemy} } @article {1324, title = {Tinospora Sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Stem Modulate The TNF-Alpha Expression In HCT- 116 Tumour Cell, Besides the Inhibitory Effect on Cervical, Colon and Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis H37Rv}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {8-16}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {8}, abstract = {

Background: The present study was designed to evaluate TNF-Alpha experession, anticancer and antitubercular properties for the stem extracts of Tinospora sinensis (TS). Objective: natural product research is widely used for identifying hit molecules for life threatening diseases including cancer, tuberculosis and drug resistant infections. Materials and Methods: There were three polarity dependant solvent extracts obtained through cold maceration process using ethanol (ELTS), ethyl acetate (EATS) and n-hexane (NHTS), respectively. The extracts were subjected to MTT assay for their anticancer potential against HeLa (cervical cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer) and HCT116 (colon cancer) cell lines, and based on the results, NHTS was subjected to flow cytometry for TNF-Alpha expression in HCT-116 cells. The antitubercular activity for the extracts was performed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (Mtb) by luciferase reporter phage (LPS) assay method. Results: The result of anticancer screening revealed that n-hexane extracts showed the significant inhibition (p\<0.05) on HCT-116 cells with the IC50 of 177.4 μg/ml, whereas EATS and ELTS were equally active on HeLa with the respective IC50 of 236 and 277 μg/ml. The NHTS was significantly effective on decreasing (P\<0.05) TNF-Alpha expression (31.27 MFU) in HCT-116 cells and is closely active with standard simvastatin (26.7 MFU) against the control (7.06 MFU). The antitubercular activity results revealed the equi-potency of both NHTS and EATS on Mtb with growth inhibition of 84 \% at 100μg/ml. The GC-MS analyses of NHTS confirmed the presence of Berberine, palmatine, tembertarine, magniflorine, choline and tinosporin. Conclusion: Overall, we scientifically support the traditional use Tinospora sinensis stem in the treatment of cancer and immune diseases.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Antitubercular, HCT-116, Immunomodulatory, Tinospora sinensis, TNF-Alpha}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.2}, author = {Sreelakshmi Bada Venkatappa Gari and Ramalingam Peraman} } @article {1635, title = {Total Phenol Content and Gastric Anti-Ulcer Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Persea caerulea (Ruiz \& Pav.) Mez. Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1072-1078}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1072}, abstract = {

Objective: Determine the content of total phenols and evaluate the gastroprotective effect of the extract of Persea caerulea (Ruiz \& Pav.) Mez. in mice with induced gastric ulcer. Material and Methods: The bark of Persea caerulea was macerated in 70\% ethanol and the phenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The female Mus musculus Balb/c specimens were distributed in the following groups: White Control Group, without indomethacin dosing; Negative Control Group, dosing with indomethacin; Positive Control Group treated with ranitidine at a dose of 50 mg/kg; Groups P. caerulea treated with extract at doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. Gastric ulcer was induced with indomethacin orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg, the procedure was repeated 12 hours later; Gastroprotective treatment was administered 60 minutes after each dose of indomethacin, 6 hours after the last dose, sodium pentobarbital was euthanized and the stomach was resected to determine ulceration using the Marhuenda Scale. Results: Higher percentages of gastric ulcer inhibition were obtained in the P. caerulea 100 mg/kg (80\%) and P. caerulea 200 mg/kg (85.71\%) groups. Conclusions: Extract of Persea caerulea (Ruiz \& Pav.) Mez., At doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight, has a gastric antiulcerative effect which is related to its content of total polyphenols.

}, keywords = {Gastric ulcer, Indomethacin, Mice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.139}, author = {Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Carmen R. Silva-Correa and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Mar{\'\i}a V Gonz{\'a}lez-Blas and Orlando E Pretel-Sevillano and Marco L Salazar-Castillo and Maricielo Vaella-Alarc{\'o}n and Franco Huaccha-C{\'a}ceres and Jonatam Le{\'o}n-Soto and Whendy Alaya-Davir{\'a}n and Anabel D. Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Luz M. Guerrero-Espino and Julio Hilario-Vargas} } @article {1089, title = {Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Momordica Charantia: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {213-222}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {213}, abstract = {

Momordica charantia L. (bitter melon) is a plant belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family and is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas around the world, mainly in Asia, India, China and Brazil, where it is traditionally used as a medicinal plant, and the fruits of some varieties of M. charantia are consumed as food. Studies have determined that this plant contains a great diversity of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential like charantin, α-momorcharin and MAP30, and highlighting its properties as antidiabetic, antiulcer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antihyperglycemic and anticancer. Review shows the complete botanical description of the plant (fruits, leaves, stem, etc.), the bioactive chemical compounds reported in the plant species, the antimicrobial activity of the extracts or fractions of M. charantia, emphasizing the antibacterial and antifungal activities, with respective values of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) reported according to the methodology used in each study. The review seeks to update the phytochemical and pharmacological knowledge of M. charantia, which would be useful for researchers in their search for new chemical compounds of the plant, studies of its safety and efficacy, as well as the evaluation of its possible synergistic action in combination with other antimicrobials, in order to find new therapeutic alternatives against bacterial resistance.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Charantin, Cucurbitaceae, Cucurbitane, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.32}, author = {V{\'\i}ctor Eduardo Villarreal-La Torre and William Sag{\'a}stegui Guarniz and Carmen Silva-Correa and Lizardo Cruzado- Razco and Ra{\'u}l Siche} } @article {1173, title = {Chemical Profile and Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Euphorbia paralias and Euphorbia geniculata (Euphorbiaceae) from Egypt}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {762-770}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {762}, abstract = {

Background: Plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia were used traditionally to treat several health disorders and diseases. Objective: the aim of this study is evaluation of secondary metabolites and hepatoprotective activity of the ethyl acetate fractions of the aerial parts of Euphorbia paralias (Ep) and Euphorbia geniculata (Eg). Materials and Methods: UPLC-ESI-MS/ MS technique was used for identification of the secondary metabolites. The hepatoprotective potential of the two plants was evaluated for the first time in male rats with thioacetamide induced liver injury. Results: A total of 32 secondary metabolites were identified in the ethyl acetate fractions of the aerial parts of both species. Ellagitannins such as tetragalloyl hexoside, ellagic acid, gallic acid, and flavonoids such as kaempferol-3-O-β-(6{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}-galloyl-Oglucopyranoside), quercetin glycosides (glucoside and arabinoside) were found to be the major components in Ep whereas flavonoid glycosides including quercetin rutinoside, quercetin glycosides (glucoside, arabinoside and rhamnoside) and kaempeferol glycoside derivatives were highly abundant in Eg. Administration of thioacetamide resulted in marked elevation in liver enzymes, elevation of lipid profile and alteration in oxidative stress parameters. While pretreatment of rats with Ep and Eg ethyl acetate fractions significantly attenuated the hepatic toxicity through reduction of liver biomarkers, improving the redox status of the tissue and so brought down the serum biochemical parameters and lipid profile nearly toward the normal levels. Conclusion: The studied fractions show hepatoprotective potential with promising value as hepatoprotective drugs of natural origin in comparison with silymarin as the standard hepatoprotective drug.

}, keywords = {Euphorbia, Hepatoprotective, Polyphenolics, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.109}, author = {Afaf E Abdel Ghani and Sayed AA El-Toumy and Wagdi IA El-Dougdoug and Ahmed M Mansour and Wafaa HB Hassan and Hanaa M Hassan} } @article {1072, title = {Composition and Genoprotective Effect of the Flavonoidal Content of Lepidium sativum L. Methanolic Seed Extract against Cyclophosphamide- Induced DNA Damage in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {124-130}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Background: Lepidium sativum L. (Family Brassicaceae) is known to possess different pharmacological properties. Objective: The genoprotective role of flavonoids of L. sativum methanolic seed extract (LSF) against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced DNA damage, in somatic and germ cells of mice, as well as characterization of the flavonoidal content were carried out in this study. Chromosomal aberration analysis in somatic and germ cells were also included. Materials and Methods: Six mice groups were used for this study. Group 1 served as a negative control. Group 2 received oral LSF (100 mg/kg b.wt.) for 5 consecutive days. Group 3 served as a positive control by receiving a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) CP dose (20 mg/kg b.wt.). The three other groups were orally administered 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt. LSF, respectively, for 5 consecutive days. On the last day of treatment, the three groups received i.p. injection of CP (20 mg/kg b.wt.). Flavonoids were identified using spectral analysis. Results: LSF inhibited DNA aberrations in mice caused by cyclophosphamide dose dependently in the three groups with significant difference in the two groups that received doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt. The chromosomal aberrations inhibitory indices were calculated as 18 and 31 in mice somatic cells and 27 and 48 in germ cells, respectively. LSF was found to contain the flavonoids kaempferol, quercetin, kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside. Conclusion: LSF inhibited the DNA damage induced by CP in somatic and germ cells of mice dose-dependently. The antioxidant properties associated with flavonoids might account for the genoprotective activity.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Chromosomal abberations, Flavonoids, Lipidium sativum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.19}, author = {Iman AA Kassem and Ayman A Farghaly and Neveen S Ghaly and Zeinab M Hassan and Marian Nabil} } @article {1240, title = {Effect of Solvents on Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum (L.) Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1241-1251}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1241}, abstract = {

Background: Cardiospermum halicacabum (C. halicacabum) is a common medicinal herb found in India and other Asian countries. It has various medicinal properties such as antimicrobial, pain relief, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, anticancer etc. It is commonly used for treating diabetes, arthritis, limbs stiffness, rheumatism, lumbago, earache, fever. Type of solvent and polarity intensively affects the antioxidant activity of the extracts due to the solubility of the phytocompounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids in various solvents. Materials and Methods: In this study, different solvents like, ethanol, methanol, chloroform and petroleum ether were used for the extraction of C. halicacabum. Cold maceration method was followed for extraction. The crude extracts were screened preliminary and then confirmed using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the chemical composition of each extract. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl) method was used for the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of different crude extracts of C. halicacabum. Results: The results showed that there is significant influence of solvent type in preserving various phytocompounds of the C. halicacabum leaves extract. The evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of different crude extracts was in the order of ethanol \> methanol \> petroleum ether \> chloroform extract.

}, keywords = {Cardiospermum halicacabum, Cold maceration, DPPH, GC-MS, Medicinal plants, Phytochemicals, Radical scavenging activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.173}, author = {Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Sathish Kumar Karuppannan and Darul Raiyaan GI and Mohamed Khalith SB and Sundarapandian Subramanian and Kantha Deivi Arunachalam} } @article {1278, title = {Evaluation of Antidiarrhoeal Activity of the Leaves and Stem of Bauhinia vahlii}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1389-1394}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1389}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the antidiarrhoeal activity of the traditional claim of Bauhinia vahlii Wight and Arn. Method: Dried ethanolic extracts of leaves and stem of the plant were used at two dose level (200 mg/ kg and 400 mg/kg p.o) screened separately for their antidiarrhoeal activity by Castor oil induced diarrhea and enteropooling in rats model. Result: The leaves extracts showed significant (p\<0.001) antidiarrhoeal activity at 400 mg/kg in both the tested models. Conclusion: The findings of the present study provide clear idea and prove the traditional claim that ethanolic extracts of the leaves and stem of Bauhinia vahlii (EEBVL and EEBVS).

}, keywords = {Antidiarrhoeal activity, Bauhinia vahlii, Castor oil induced diarrhea, Castor oil induced enteropooling}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.192}, author = {Divaker Shukla and Kavita Gahlot} } @article {1302, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Anti-Enterobacterial Dichloromethane Fraction of Mandukaparni (Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.) {\textendash} A plant from Ayurveda}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1494-1503}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1494}, abstract = {

Background: Mandukaparni (Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.) is a well known medicinal herb used as folklore medcine in many chronic and infectious gastric and other diseases by the people of Estern Himalayan regions. However, the therapeutic active principles of this plant remained unknown. Objective: The main objective of the study was to characterize antienterobacterial dichloromethane fraction of the volatile oils of it by GC-MS. Materials and Methods: In the present study, dichloromethane (DCM) fraction (MP-DCMf) of Mandukaparni was collected by phase separation of the methanol extract and tested for anti-enterobacterial potentiality against human pathogenic gastrointestinal and food poisoning bacteria by agar well diffusion assay, viability assay and LDH assay and SEM studies. Characterization of the active MP-DCMf fraction was performed by TLC and GC-MS analysis. Results: The MP-DCMf possessed bio-active compounds that have antibacterial potentiality against both the Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria. The MIC and MBC values were in the range from 1.56 mg/ml to 0.78 mg/ml and 6.25 to 1.56 mg/ml, respectively. The time kill assay showed that at a dose of 3.12 mg/ml of MP-DCMf was lethal to the E. coli MTCC 723 at the 18th hr of treatment. LDH release had moderate positive correlation with the activity index and time of treatment whereas strong negative correlation with CFU count. It caused highest cell disruption in S. mutans. The principal compounds were D-carvon (30.949\%);1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione; 2-(2-chlorophenyl) (28.483\%);Cyclohexanone; 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethen) trans (10.04\%); D-Limnone (9.256\%);2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl- acetate (6.684\%); p-Cresol (0.551\%), and Thymol (0.118\%). Pub-chem database search also supports that these compounds have very strong bactericidal activity by membrane damage as evidenced by LDH and SEM studies. Conclusions: MP-DCMf contains many potential antibacterial compounds that can be used to combat the gastrointestinal and food poising bacterial pathogens.

}, keywords = {Anti-enterobacterial, Chemical profiling, Mandukaparni, Time kill assay, Volatile oils}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.205}, author = {Manab Mandal and Debabrata Misra and Narendra Nath Ghosh and Sukhendu Mandal and Vivekananda Mandal} } @article {1229, title = {Hepatoprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Artemisia absinthium L. on Diclofenac-induced Toxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1032-1041}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1032}, abstract = {

Background: Artemisia absinthium L. is known for its antimalarial activity however, hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extracts has also been reported but, nephroprotective activity not yet evaluated. Objective: To evaluate the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities of A. absinthium against diclofenac-induced toxicity on rats. Materials and Methods: Three different doses of methanol and ethyl acetate extract of A. absinthium (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day) were evaluated and compared with silymarin 100 mg/kg. Rats received these doses for 5 days and on the 3rd and 4th day diclofenac (50 mg/kg i.p.) was administered 1 h after treatment. Animals were sacrificed 48 h after the last injection of diclofenac. Biochemical blood parameters like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea and creatinine, and histopathologic changes of liver and kidney were studied and evaluated. Results: A. absinthium reduced the elevated blood levels of ALT, AST, ALP, urea and creatinine with the methanol extract to 200 mg/kg/day being more effective. The histopathologic evaluation suggested that A. absinthium decreased hepatic and renal necrosis induced by diclofenac. Conclusions: Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities of methanol and ethyl acetate extract of A. absinthium were demonstrated, being methanol extract to 200 mg/kg/day the most effective. This provides scientific support for the use of medicinal plants such as A. absinthium in the treatment of liver and kidney disorders.

}, keywords = {Artemisia absinthium, Biochemical parameters, Diclofenac, Hepatoprotective, Histopathology, Nephroprotective}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.146}, author = {Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz William Antonio and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E and Cruzado-Razco Jos{\'e} L and Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a Abhel A and Aspajo-Villalaz Cinthya L and Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez C{\'e}sar D and Ruiz-Reyes Segundo G and Ch{\'a}vez-Flores Juana E} } @article {1222, title = {Identification of the Chemical Compound of Essential Oil from Ketumbar (Coriandrum sativum L.) Leaves with Gc-Ms}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1019-1023}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1019}, abstract = {

Introduction: Coriandrum sativum L. leaves are plants used as a cooking spice that has a distinctive aroma. Various components of bioactive compounds are known from various parts of this plant, but the components of the bioactive compounds of essential oils from the leaves have never been reported. Objective: This research was designed to analyze the components of bioactive compounds contained in the essential oil of C. sativum leaves using a modified simple distillation tool. Method: C. sativum leaves essential oil component analysis with GC-MS (Shimadzu QP-2010 Plus). Results: Analysis GC-MS of the content of the bioactive compounds of essential oils contained various bioactive compounds. The dominant bioactive compounds are 2-Decen-1-ol (17.01\%), 9-Octadecenal (9.59\%), 1-Decanol (8.20\%), Dotriacontane (4.40\%), and Tetrapentacosan (3.68\%). Conclusion: The results of the research showed that there were various bioactive compound contents from the essential oil of C. sativum leaves and it was important to test the activity of each component of the bioactive compound as an important recommendation for pharmaceutical natural ingredients.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Coriandrum sativum, Distillation, Essential oil and GC-MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.144}, author = {Kasta Gurning and Iksen and Helen Anjelina Simanjuntak and Hermawan Purba} } @article {1301, title = {Immunosuppressive Activity of Goat Kefir in a Rat Model with Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1594-1599}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1594}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory capacity of goat kefir on pulmonary fibrosis rat model. Material and Methods: Twenty-five male rats were randomly divided into five groups: one group only received induction with bleomycin (0.3 mg/rat) to induce pulmonary fibrosis; three groups were treated with different doses (2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 mL/200 g BW) of goat kefir, following the induction with bleomycin, for 30 days; and one group served as negative control, did not receive bleomycin induction as well as kefir. On day 30, all the animals were sacrificed. Plasma levels of TGF-β, IL-4, and IFN-y were measured using the ELISA method, and the expression of α-SMA in myofibroblast cells was examined with the help of immunohistochemistry assay. Results: Induction with bleomycin significantly elevated the expressions of TGF-β, IL-4, and IFN-y in comparison to the control group. Following the administration of kefir (3.5 and 4.5 mL/200 g BW), the concentration of TGF-β was significantly decreased (p\<0.05); whereas, the concentration of IFN-y increased slightly (p\<0.05) only in the group that received the 4.5 mL/200 g BW dose of kefir. In contrast, IL-4 exhibited increasing levels with higher doses of kefir (p\<0.05). The expression of α-SMA in myofibroblasts showed a tendency to decline following the administration of kefir, although this decline was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Goat kefir caused a reduction in the TGF-β levels in fibrosis conditions; however, the kefir elicited an immunosuppressive effect during the progression of the pulmonary fibrosis.

}, keywords = {Bleomycin, Cytokine, Immunomodulator, Kefir, Pulmonary fibrosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.218}, author = {Tias Pramesti Griana and Tri Yudani Mardining Raras and Karyono Mintaroem and Iin Noor Chozin and Catur Saptaning Wilujeng} } @article {1180, title = {In vitro Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity of Gymnema sylvestre Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {809-814}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {809}, abstract = {

The evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Gymnema sylvestre was performed by bioassay method where hot and cold hydroalcoholic extracts were used against earthworm (Pheretima posthuma). The anthelmintic assay was carried out as the 50ml formulations containing five different concentrations of each cold and hot hydroalcholic extracts (25, 50, 100 ,250 and 500mg/ml in distilled water) were prepared and six worms (same type) were placed in them. Time for paralysis and death time was noted. Albendazole (20mg/ml) was used as a reference standard, while normal saline as the control.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.116}, author = {R Ram Narayanan and TK Gopal and D Chamundeeswari} } @article {1291, title = {Lutein: A Comprehensive Review on its Chemical, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1769-1778}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1769}, abstract = {

Background: Lutein is a naturally occurring carotenoid found in high amounts in flowers, grains, fruits and green vegetables with green leaves include spinach, kale and carrots. The market for lutein encompasses pharmaceutical, dietary supplement, food, animal and fish feed industries. Objective: The present review aimed to provide an updated and comprehensive analysis of lutein, including its chemistry, biological properties and therapeutic potentials. Methods: Relevant literatures were collected from several scientific databases, include Google Scholar, Pubmed and ScienceDirect between 2000 to till date. Following a detailed inclusion and exclusion screening process, the information obtained was summarized. Results: Information on the sources, chemistry and biological properties including antioxidant, anti-arthrisits, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-cataract, antidiabetic, anticancer and bone remodelling activities, as well as food industry processing for lutein were tabled. Lutein can be considered powerful antioxidants along with multifaceted molecular targets, such as NF-ҡB, PI3K/Akt, Nrf-2, HO-1 and SIRT-1 signaling pathways in various pathological conditions. Conclusion: The present review observe the chemical, pharmacological properties, in addition to the therapeutic potentials of lutein. It is hoped that the information can provide a good reference to aid in the development and utilization of lutein in phytopharmaceuticals and food industries.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Inflammatory cytokines, Lutein, Molecular targets, Pharmacology, Transcription factors}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.239}, author = {Nurul Iman Nurul Fuad and Mahendran Sekar and Siew Hua Gan and Pei Teng Lum and Jaishree Vaijanathappa and Subban Ravi} } @article {1196, title = {Modern Approaches to the Analysis of Kelp (Laminaria sp.) as Pharmacopoeial Herbal Drugs and Food Products}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {929-937}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {929}, abstract = {

Background: Currently, the chemical composition of Laminaria J.V. Lamour. species is well studied; they have found applications in the food, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries. The main groups of biologically active compounds are polysaccharides (alginic acid, laminarin, mannitol, fucoidan, and others) and minerals (iodine compounds, magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron) that are determined according to pharmacopoeial and All-Union State Standards requirements. Materials and Methods: For data obtaining various types of search tools and engines such as Google, Google scholar, scientific literature (including Russian sources), normative documentation of Russian Federation (State Pharmacopoeia of Russian Federation IV edition, All-Union State Standards, and others) electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed were used. Results: In the course of this review study, a modern characteristic of the kelp thallus as a pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, food substance of plant origin is presented. The data on the chemical composition, harvesting, and processing of raw materials are summarized. The standardization and safety issues of kelp thallus are considered taking into account modern pharmacopoeial and food international requirements. The approaches to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of biologically active compounds (polysaccharides, iodine) and the determination of safety indicators are studied. Conclusions: The regulatory documentation that is used in the quality control of kelp needs to be finalized and updated. For pharmacopoeial analysis, all possible physicochemical methods (gravimetric, titrimetric, spectrophotometric) should be presented in the newly approved monograph. In this case, modern procedures should be developed, including HPLC with various types of detection (determination of the carbohydrates profile and polysaccharides, including methods with acid and enzyme hydrolysis). This will ensure the required level of quality, the safety of kelp (Laminaria) raw materials.

}, keywords = {alginic acid, Fucoidan, Iodine, Kelp, Laminaria japonica, Laminaria saccharina, Laminarin, Mannitol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.132}, author = {Bokov DO and Potanina OG and Nikulin AV and Shchukin VM and Orlova VA and Bagirova GB and Kakhramanova SD and Al- Khafaji H and Balobanova NP and Evgrafov AA and Samylina IA and Krasnyuk II and Golubeva OA and Kuleshova ES and Moiseev DV and Bessonov VV} } @article {1082, title = {Morpho-anatomical, Phytochemical and TLC/HPTLC Studies on Whole Plant of Plectranthus vettiveroides (Jacob) N.P. Singh and B.D. Sharma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {58-65}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Background: Plectranthus vettiveroides is an aromatic perennial herb, which belongs to family Lamiaceae. The whole plant of P. vettiveroides is aromatic, bitter, cooling, febrifuge, diaphoretic, stimulant, diuretic, useful in vitiated conditions of pitta, burning sensation, leprosy, skin diseases, leucoderma, fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, ulcers, stomachic and emmenagogue. In the present investigation morpho-anatomical, preliminary phyto-chemical, physico-chemical parameters and TLC/HPTLC fingerprint of the whole plant of P. vettiveroids were carried out and reported. Objective: To carry out morpho-anatomical, phytochemical and TLC/HPTLC studies on dried whole plant of P. vettiveroides for authentication/identification. Methods: The morphology, microscopy and phyto-chemical investigation were carried out by following standard methods. Results: Microscopically spiral, reticulated, scalariform and pitted vessels, libriform and septate fibres, multicellular branched covering trichomes, glandular trichomes and silica crystals are the unique diagnostic characteristics in whole plant of P. vettiveroides. The preliminary phyto-chemical, physico-chemical parameters and number of spots and Rf values of TLC/HPTLC are found to be unique diagnostic characteristics of the plant for identification. Conclusion: The finding of present study is helpful in standardization of formulation consists of whole plant of P. vettiveroides as ingredient in their powdered form and also for authentication/ identification of dried whole plant of P. vettiveroides.

}, keywords = {Morpho-anatomy, P. vettiveroides, Phytochemistry, standardization, TLC/HPTLC finger print}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.10}, author = {Velvizhi D and Nartunai G and Susikumar S and Ilavarasan R} } @article {1246, title = {Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum Against Wound Pathogens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1303-1310}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1303}, abstract = {

Background: Plants serve as an important source for curing various medical ailments for a wide variety of human and animal diseases. It is therefore necessary to prove the biological activities of the selected plants scientifically using modern technology. The current study focuses on the use of Cardiospermum halicacabum in their wound healing applications. Cardiospermum halicacabum is a well-known plant that has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic properties and it is also used to treat joint pains, muscle tears, back pain, etc. Materials and Methods: In this study methanolic extracts of the active compounds from Cardiospermum halicacabum were tested for its phytochemical attributes by qualitative method, GC-MS, and the antioxidant properties were also assessed. The bactericidal activity and Minimal Inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant extract has been evaluated in both Gram +ve and Gram -ve microorganisms using the disc diffusion method. Results: The results obtained showed the presence of significant antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The plant extract was found to be more active against Gram positive microbes compared to Gram negative microbes. The extract has the radical scavenging activity of about 77\%. And the GCMS results showed the presence of different phytocompounds which are greatly known for their pharmacognistic activities.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.179}, author = {Sathish Kumar Karuppannan and Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Mohamed Khalith SB and Darul Raiyaan GI and Sundarapandian Subramanian and Kantha Deivi Arunachalam} } @article {1230, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of the Fruits of Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam. e.g. Pear. (Capparaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1042-1049}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1042}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aims to assess the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of the fruits (pulp and seeds) of Boscia senegalensis from the Ferlo zone in Northern Senegal. Material and Methods: Fruit collection of Boscia senegalensis was carried out in three Ferlo{\textquoteright}s localities: Tess{\'e}k{\'e}r{\'e}, Labgar and Ran{\'e}rou. The sample consists of 36 individuals selected randomly from each locality. The major chemical groups were determined by conventional methods using specific general reagents. The determination of total polyphenols and total flavonoids, the 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing of antioxidant power (FRAP) were evaluated by spectrophotometry. Results and Discussion: The results of the photochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, sterols and triterpenes, flavonoids and polyphenols in both parts of the fruit (pulp and seeds). Assays carried out on extracts of pulp and seed powders reveals higher levels of total polyphenols and flavonoids in the pulp. The study of antioxidant activity has shown that hydro-ethanol extracts of pulp and seeds have a very interesting reducing activity, particularly in the pulp. However, we can see a weak antiradical activity of these extracts. The origin effect has a weak influence on the antiradical and reducing activity of the pulp and seed extracts. Conclusions: The biological activity of the harvested Boscia senegalensis extracts highlighted in this study could justify the traditional uses of this plant in the treatment of several pathologies. This fruit should be consumed in order to prevent few dietary imbalances or valorized in order to develop new bioactive compounds.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Boscia senegalensis, Fruits, Phytochemical screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.147}, author = {Awa KA and Kady Diatta Badji and Moustapha Bassimb{\'e} Sagna and Aliou Guiss{\'e} and Emmanuel Bass{\`e}ne} } @article {1103, title = {Properties of A Thiamine Binding Protein Purified from Mung Bean}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {266-270}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {266}, abstract = {

Thiamine (vitamin B1) was the first B vitamin which has been identified. It serves as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in energy metabolism. The laboratory test against thiamine deficiency can be done by measuring thiamine levels in the blood. The aim of this study was to identify the stability and the binding activity characters of TBP. The equilibrium dialysis technique was used to see the factors affecting the bond between TBP and thiamine. The MBTBP concentration of post-chromatographic affinity resulted from dilution of lyophilisate was stable for 30 days at -20{\textdegree}C and 3 days at 4{\textdegree}C. The optimal pH for binding MBTBP to thiamine was 7.5. Alkylation with iodoacetic acid decreased the binding capacity of TBP which suggested the presence of a{\textendash}SH or imidazol group in its active site. The importance of disulfide bridge was proven by decreasing of Thiamine binding capacity of TBP after β-mercaptoethanol treatment. This binding activity was also affected by oxidizing agents, but it was less affected by calcium ions and heavy metals.

}, keywords = {Binding capacity, Mung bean thiamine binding protein (MBTBP), Thiamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.41}, author = {Dwirini Retno Gunarti and Megawati Kartika and Mohamad Sadikin} } @article {1211, title = {Protective Effect of Natural Products against Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1180-1189}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1180}, abstract = {

Background: Cancer is one of the diseases with high mortality rate recorded each year across the world. Its mainstay treatment is chemotherapy although they are largely toxic, causing severe adverse reactions including cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity. Cardiotoxicity is unique to certain chemotherapeutic agents and occur via several mechanisms. It has been hypothesized that co-administration of natural products which may be cardioprotectant, together with chemotherapy can alleviate cardiotoxicity-induced by chemotherapy. Objectives: This review aimed to provide a brief information about the protective effect of natural products against chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity Methods: To complete this review, relevant literatures were searched from several scientific databases including Google, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science and Pubmed. Results: In this paper, we have reviewed ten natural products (curcumin, mangiferin, naringenin, quercetin, 6-gingerol, lycopene, resveratrol, apigenin, proanthocyanidins and indole-3-carbinol), which have major influences in attenuating chemotherapy-drug induced cardiotoxicity. Apart from the cardioprotective effects, they tend to confer some synergistic effects with chemotherapeutic agents and therefore have the potential to be used as an adjunct. Conclusion: Though a panel of natural products demonstrate protective effects against cardiotoxicity in cells and animal models, their therapeutic potentials for clinical needs further investigation.

}, keywords = {Anticancer drugs, Cardioprotective, Cardiotoxicity, Chemotherapy, Natural products}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.166}, author = {Siti Nurul Najiha Othman and Pei Teng Lum and Siew Hua Gan and Shankar Mani and Mahendran Sekar} } @article {1281, title = {Recent Scenario of Impact of Xenobiotics on Marine Fish: An Overview}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1797-1800}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1797}, abstract = {

Xenobiotics from chemicals to plastics have seriously interfered with the biological process of living system. Their impact on aquatic ecosystem, fish in precise is studied with significant interest. However, studies on impact of xenobiotics on marine fish are limited. This literature review integrates and summarizes the impact of xenobiotics on marine fish. The review tries to understand the impact of macro and micro litters, microplastic, metals like mercury and nanoparticles. Finally, we conclude with the ways to regulate the presence and distribution of these xenobiotics in marine environment.

}, keywords = {Fish, Litters, Marine, Xenobiotics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.242}, author = {Jagadeep Chandra S and Chandana GL and Naganagouda V Kote and Sharath Chandra SP} } @article {1292, title = {Resveratrol: Latest Scientific Evidences of its Chemical, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1779-1791}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1779}, abstract = {

Background: Resveratrol is a non-flavonoid polyphenol possesses many biological properties with great potential to develop into various products. In order to cure a wide variety of diseases, resveratrol has attracted a great deal of attention for medicinal purposes. Objective: The present review aimed to provide a comprehensive literature summary of latest scientific evidences on the chemistry, biological properties and therapeutic potentials of resveratrol. Methods: To complete this review, relevant literatures were collected from several scientific databases, including Google Scholar, Pubmed and ScienceDirect, using keywords {\textquotedblleft}source{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}chemistry{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}bioavailability{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}pharmacokinetics{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}isolation{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}anticancer{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}analgesic{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antiinflammatory{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antidiabetic{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}nephroprotective activity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}neuroprotective activity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antiobesity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}cardioprotective effects{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antioxidant{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}anti-aging{\textquotedblright} with resveratrol. After a detailed screening process for inclusion and exclusion, the information obtained was summarised. Results: The information on the source, chemistry, bioavailability, biological and therapeutic potentials of resveratrol were tabled. In various pathological conditions, resveratrol can be considered as powerful antioxidants along with multidimensional molecular targets such as NF-ҡB, MAPK, AMPK, SIRT-1, Nrf-2, m-TOR, PI3K/Akt and PPAR-γ signaling pathways. Conclusion: Based on the existing knowledge, we may believe that resveratrol has a significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of various diseases. To accelerate the development and utilization of resveratrol as promising products, in-depth studies should be focused on exploiting its properties and developing phytopharmaceuticals.

}, keywords = {Bioavailability, Inflammatory cytokines, Molecular targets, Pharmacology, Resveratrol, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.240}, author = {Nur Mursyida Saad and Mahendran Sekar and Siew Hua Gan and Pei Teng Lum and Jaishree Vaijanathappa and Subban Ravi} } @article {1202, title = {A Review on Phaseolus vulgaris Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1160-1164}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1160}, abstract = {

Medicinal herbs have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since antiquated times. Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. (Family-Fabaceae) commonly known as French bean, is a most consuming carbohydrate and protein rich food crop having medicinal values. This plant having diverse compounds like carbohydrate, proteins, flavonoids, Saponins, tannins and phenolic acid. The seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. Possess having anti-urolithiatic activity and anti- obesity activity. This review provides a summary of phytochemistry and pharmacological effect of Phaseolus vulgaris Linn., The plant can be further investigated for other pharmacological activities as it contains variety of chemical constituents and it is a commonly using food crop and medical remedies of this plant are sync with nature.

}, keywords = {Food crop, Obesity, Phaseolus vulgaris Linn, Urolithiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.163}, author = {M Devi and S Dhanalakshmi and GE Thillai Govindarajan and BA Tanisha and Talluri Sonalika and JE Ruth and T Avinash and C Jethendra Sri and K Logeswaran and M Nithish Ramasamy} } @article {1147, title = {Screening Data Reveals that Spirogyra triplicata, a Fresh Water Algae Induces Robust Anti-Proliferative Activity Against A549 Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {569-577}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {569}, abstract = {

Introduction: Algae comprise a promising source of novel components with potent therapeutic agents. In particular, algae have been considered as a potential source of new bioactive compounds. The antioxidant data of our previous study with six different algal methanolic extract reveals the presence of high antioxidant, total phenol content and total flavonoid content in Spirogyra triplicata. Thus, we further focused on screening the anti-proliferative activity of six different green algae on five different cancer cell lines like MCF7, A549, HEPG2, REH, MOLT4. Methods: To fulfill our aim we performed MTT assay for testing anti-proliferative activity and DAPI staining for observing nuclear morphology. We also looked into the metabolomic profiling of Spirogyra triplicata by GC-MS chemometric study. Results: The result indicates that after 24 hours of treatment with methanolic extract of Spirogyra triplicata A549 was the most sensitive cell line with IC50 value of 24.07 {\textpm} 1.09 μg/ml. Followed by Rhizoclonium fontinale and Hydrodictyon reticulatum with IC50 value of 25.97 {\textpm} 1.94 μg/ml and 32.50 {\textpm} 1.97 μg/ml respectively. The HEPG2 cell line was the second most sensitive cell line against S. triplicata with IC50 value of 30.20 {\textpm} 1.45 μg/ml. The MOLT4 cell line was detected as most resistant cell line against the green algal extract in this study. Though the methanolic extracts of six green algae showed maximum to moderate anti-proliferative activity on different cancer cell line but no significantly affect on normal PBMC was observed. Nuclear fragmentation was observed in a dose dependent fashion by DAPI staining on A549 cells treated with methanolic extract of Spirogyra triplicata. We further looked into the chemo profiling of Spirogyra triplicata by GCMS analysis. The result of GC-MS clearly indicates presence of nineteen major components and twenty-three minor components which have more or less bioactivity and would help in therapeutics in future. Conclusions: In brief this study indicates for the first time that green algae Spirogyra triplicata induces anti-proliferative activity specifically against A549 cell but not in normal PBMC. It can be concluded that Spirogyra triplicata holds a great promise as a good repository of anti cancer compounds which may be used in future drug discovery.

}, keywords = {A549, Anti-proliferative, GCMS, Spirogyra triplicata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.86 }, author = {Ankita Mridha and Priya K Gopal and Santanu Paul} } @article {1242, title = {Wound Healing Activity of an Ointment from Solanum tuberosum L. "Tumbay Yellow Potato" on Mus musculus Balb/c}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1268-1275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1268}, abstract = {

Background: Solanum tuberosum L. is an Andean tuber that is mainly characterized by its antioxidant properties. Objective: To evaluate the healing activity of an S. tuberosum-based ointment on wounds induced in mice. Material and methods: Ethanolic extracts of peel and pulp of tubers of S. tuberosum "Tumbay yellow potato" were prepared, which were incorporated into 1\% and 2\% ointment formulations. Mus musculus Balb/c with induced wound were distributed in the following working groups: Group I (Negative Control), Group II (Positive Control: Neomycin, Polymyxin B and Bacitracin Ointment) and Groups III and IV (Ointment at 1 \% and 2\% of S. tuberosum extract, respectively), daily administration of topical treatments were carried out for 07 days. Wound closure was determined during the experimentation time, then euthanized with sodium pentobarbital 60 mg/kg b.w. (i.p.) to obtain skin samples for histopathological analysis. Results: Groups III and IV showed that better evidence of wound closure and scarring in the histopathological analysis, the greatest effect being in Group IV. Conclusions: S. tuberosum ointments show healing activity in induced wounds in mice, the most effective treatment being the 2\% ointment formulation.

}, keywords = {Histology, Skin, Solanum tuberosum, Wound Healing, Yellow potato}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.175}, author = {Galy P Rosas-Cruz and Carmen R Silva-Correa and Abhel A Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and V{\'\i}ctor E Villarreal-La Torre and Cinthya L Aspajo-Villalaz and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco and Jorge Del Rosario-Ch{\'a}varri and Juan C Rodr{\'\i}guez-Soto and Orlando E Pretel-Sevillano and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Anabel D Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha} } @article {972, title = {Antidepressant-Like Effects of Dracocephalum moldavica L. in Mouse Models of Immobility Tests}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {976-983}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {976}, abstract = {

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the antidepressant activity of the ethanolic extracts of {\textquotedblleft}toronjil azul{\textquotedblright}(Dracocephalum moldavica L.). Methodology: The forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were performed on CD-1 mice to evaluate the antidepressant activity of the ethanolic extracts. The ethanolic extracts were administered orally at an 80 and 100 mg/kg. The animals were dosed 1, 6 and 24 h before initiating the FST assay and 40 minutes before for the TST assay. Imipramine and fluoxetine were dosed at 15 mg/kg, while the flavonoid quercetin was given an a lower concentration of 10 mg/kg as a positive controls. Results: The extracts of Dracocephalum moldavica L. and significantly decreased the immobility time in the FST and TST assays when compared with the negative control and reported similar values than those obtained with the positive controls. Conclusion: The results obtained indicate that extract of Dracocephalum moldavica L. have antidepressant effect similar to those obtained by.

}, keywords = {Depression, Dracochepalum moldavica L., Forced swim test, Tail suspension test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.154}, author = {Marcos Ignacio Jimenez Zuniga and Alejandro Jonathan Hurtado Mariles and Jose Luis Castrejon Flores and Jose Antonio Mondragon Herrera and Maria Guadalupe Ramirez Sotelo and Genaro Ivan Ceron Montes and Yolanda de las Mercedes Gomez y Gomez} } @article {862, title = {Antidiabetic Aptitude of Cordia sebestena and its Outcome on Biochemical Parameters, Serum Electrolytes, and Hematological Markers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {418-423}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {418}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study investigated the antidiabetic outcome of ethanolic extract of Cordia sebestena fruit (EECSF) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetogenic rodents and evaluated its consequence to improve the level of biochemical parameters, serum electrolytes level, and hematological indices along with its impact on body weight. Materials and Methods: The albino rodents were selected to observe oral glucose tolerance test by oral intake of aqueous glucose solution (4 g/kg, body weight) in normal rodents and assessment of blood glucose level after administration of EECSF at 100 and 200 mg/kg and standard drug glibenclamide at 0.6 mg/kg, body weight. Antidiabetic activity was estimated in the chronic biological model by STZ (65 mg/kg/i.p.)-induced diabetes in rodents escorted by the determination of blood glucose. Further pharmacological research was carried out to explore the effect of EECSF on body weight, variations in biochemical parameters including aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and total protein, transformations in serum electrolytes such as Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+ along with estimation of hematological indices such as red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes. Results: It was discovered that EECSF significantly lowered the blood glucose level of diabetic rodents along with enhancement in body weight. Correspondingly, EECSF significantly ameliorated the biochemical parameters, serum electrolytes, and hematological indices. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the antidiabetic potential of EECSF in STZ-induced diabetes in rodents, and it could be selected to benefit from diabetes and its affiliated complexities inclusive of anemia, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and hepatitis.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Antidiabetic, Cordia sebestena, Glucose, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.65}, author = {Sachin Chaudhary and Harish Chandra Verma and Mandeep Kumar Gupta and Hitesh Kumar and Sudhansu Ranjan Swain and Ramesh Kumar Gupta and Abdel-Nasser El-Shorbagi} } @article {876, title = {Antidiabetic Potential and HPTLC Fingerprinting of Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {469-474}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {469}, abstract = {

Introduction: Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken., also known as Lac tree, is a traditional plant used to treat different ailments since ancient time. The folkloric use of this plant as hypoglycemics is still un-revealed scientifically. So, the present study includes the in-vivo evaluation of hypoglycemic activity with HPTLC fingerprinting, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of the extracts of the plant. Methods: Ethanolic extract of the plant (SOE) was subjected for phytochemical screening and HPTLC finger printing (using CAMAG LINOMAT 5 instrument). For the evaluation of hypoglycemic activity Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were treated with glibenclamide (0.5mg/kg body weight) and ethanolic extract (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight) of the plant. Acute and chronic studies were performed for the evaluation of blood glucose levels. Results: The presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenolics and flavonoids were confirmed in the preliminary phytochemical screening. Quantitative screening of total tannins (6.15{\textpm}4.20), total flavonoids (25.13{\textpm}3.21) and total phenolic compounds (48.09{\textpm}2.58) were reported. HPTLC fingerprinting analysis of SOE affirmed the presence of quercetin. Conclusion: The positive outcome was observed in the results of hypoglycemic activity, as all the treatments significantly decreased blood glucose level. During the study, SOE and glibenclamide maintained the body weight of the rats while diabetic control reduced the body weight by 11.33\%. In support of its traditional use Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken. was proved to be a potent antidiabetic herbal plant.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Hypoglycemic, Quercetin, Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.74}, author = {Shambaditya Goswami and Ravindra Pal Singh} } @article {859, title = {Antiulcer Property of Mussaenda philippica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {603-607}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {603}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mussaenda philippica (Rubiaceae) is a shrub distributed in all the planes of India, Philippines and South-East Asia. Its synonyms are M. grandiflora, M. acutifolia, M. frondosa etc. The plant is preferred as medication for the treatment of jaundice, dysentery, stomachache and influenza. The current study was based on the evaluation of antiulcer property of M. philippica leaves extract. Methods: The methods used were pylorus ligated, ethanol induced and 0.2(M) NaOH induced ulcer in rats. Results: In pylorus ligation model, aqueous extract (200 mg/kg) produced a substantial reduction in ulcer index followed by decrease in gastric volume, total acidity associated with a raise in pH, which, confirmed that tested extract of the plant act by altering the mucosal barrier Thus, the gastro protective effect of this extract may be due to the presence of flavonoid in the plant. In the same way, aqueous extract of the plant showed significant effect against ethanol induced gastric ulcer in rat as compared to methanol-treated group, which, may be due to leukotriene antagonistic effect or the inhibition of 5-lipooxygenase pathway. In NaOH induced ulcer model, aqueous extract of M. philippica revealed significant antiulcer effects on the basis of pH effect and ulcer index in rats. The anti-ulcerogenic and anti-secretory effect of the tested M. philippica leaves extracts point out its possible cyto-protective effect. Conclusion: In conclusion the aqueous extract of M. philippica leaves possess potential antiulcer activity in experimental rat models.

}, keywords = {Anti-secretory, Gastric volume, Methanol extracts, Mussaenda philippica, Pylorus ligation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.96}, author = {Rasmita Jena and Durga Madhab Kar and Diptirani Rath and Kaushik Sur Roy and Goutam Ghosh} } @article {789, title = {Comparative GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Phytochemicals from Different Plant Parts and Callus of Leptadenia reticulata Wight and Arn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {129-140}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of this study is identification and comparative analysis of bioactive phytochemicals present in methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of different plant organs and callus of Leptadenia reticulata by GC{\textendash}MS technique. Methodology: The shade dried plant samples (leaves stem and root) and callus produced from leaf of L. reticulata were powdered and then sequentially extracted in methanol and ethyl acetate solvents. Total eight extracts were prepared which were Methanolic Leaf Extract (MLE), Methanolic Stem Extract (MSE), Methanolic Root Extract (MRE), Methanolic Callus Extract (MCE), Ethyl Acetate Leaf Extract (EALE), Ethyl Acetate Root Extract (EARE), Ethyl Acetate Stem Extract (EASE) and Ethyl Acetate Callus Extract (EACE). Then, each of the extracts was further subjected to Gas Chromatography{\textendash} Mass Spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS) analysis. Results: The GC{\textendash}MS analysis of the eight extracts revealed the presence of 77 different types of high and low molecular weight phytochemicals and bioactive compounds in varying quantities. Some of the phytochemicals detected for first time in L. reticulata are γ-sitosterol, Campesterol, Pristane, Hexahydrofarnesol, Stearic acid, Arachidic acid, Coniferyl alcohol, n-Tetracosanol-1, Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate, (2S,3S)-3,7,4{\textquoteright}-Trihydroxy-5-methoxy-6-methylflavanone etc. These chemical compounds are considered biologically active and pharmacologically important. Conclusion: This study gives a detailed comparison of detection and identification of various bioactive phytochemicals from different plant parts (leaves, stem and root) and callus of L. reticulata. This provides a basis for the biological and biochemical characterization of some newly detected biologically and pharmacologically important phytochemical components from this plant.

}, keywords = {Callus, Fatty Acid, Root, Stem, Steroids, Terpenoids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.22}, author = {Priyanka Godara and Bunty Kumar Dulara and Neelam Barwer and Navneet Singh Chaudhary} } @article {932, title = {Effect of Diallyl Disulphide (DADS) on Gluconeogenesis: A Study in Isolated Alloxan Induced Diabetic Liver}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {777-781}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {777}, abstract = {

Background: Coordinated regulation between cellular glucose uptake and endogenous glucose production is indispensable for maintenance of constant blood glucose concentrations. Liver contributes significantly by altering levels of hepatic glucose release, through controlling gluconeogenesis. Objective: To assess effect of Diallyldisulphide on hepatic gluconeogenesis by assessing gluconeogenic substrates and activity of regulatory enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase and to compare the Diallyldisulphide effect on gluconeogenesis with Metformin. Methodology: Wistar albino rats were categorized into four groups; group Inormal control. Group II, III and IV rats were administered single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate 150 mg/kg body weight. Rats were maintained on rat diet and water adlibitum for 30 days. On 31st day rats were sacrificed and procured liver tissues. Each liver tissue cut into small slices and group-III and group-IV liver tissues were separately incubated with Diallyldisulphide 4 mg/g liver tissues and Metformin 4 mg/g liver tissues for 60 minutes at 37oC. The total amino acids and total keto acids levels were estimated after exposure. And post exposure effect on activity of glucose -6-phoshatase and transaminases were also estimated. Results: Alloxan induced diabetes resulted significant raise in total amino acids, total ketoacids, glucose -6-phosphatase and transaminases activities. Whereas incubation of liver tissues with diallyldisulphide significantly reduced total amino acids, total ketoacids, glucose-6-phosphatase, transaminases activities and ratio of total amino acids and ketoacids as compared to diabetic control rat liver tissues. Conclusion: Study suggested that diallyldisulphide suppressed gluconeogenesis as liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity is significantly decreased and precursors for gluconeogenesis were significantly reduced. Suggesting Diallyldisulphide has role in gluconeogenesis and can hold potentials for glucose homeostasis.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Diabetes mellitus, Diallyldisulphide, Gluconeogenesis, Glucose-6-phosphatase, Total amino acid, Total keto acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.123}, author = {Prashanth kumar Goudappala and Ethirajan Sukumar and C V Yogaraje-Gowda and Kashinath RT} } @article {1031, title = {The Effect of Ultraviolet-B Radiation Exposure on Hibiscus cannabinus Linn with its Phytochemical and Pharmacological Responses}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1540-1543}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1540}, abstract = {

Aim: Exposure of UV-B Radiation on\ Hibiscus cannabinus Linn and to evaluate both Phytochemical and Pharmacological responses. Objective: UV-B can increase the nutrients contents from plants, plants become tastier and increases the yield and UV-will make plants resistant to fungal infections and stimulate the production of phytomarkers. Material and Methods: Hibiscus cannabinus Linn seeds were soaked with 50\% H2O2 for 12 hours and then inoculated with the Azospirillum. UV-B radiation cabinet was provided by UV lamps which are above 15 cm from control maintained. Normal daylight exposed control group Seedlings irradiated for 2 hour per day (12.30 pm to 2.30 pm) for 20 days. Results and Discussion: 20 days treatment increases total phenolic contents and sugars content were decreased in uncovered leaf tissue. Protein content was at first diminished but expanded on the 20 day of UV-B treatment. Also, perform pharmacological studies no toxic elements are observed 20 days treatment and pharmacological activity by using anticancer activity by using human colon HT-29 cancer cell line. UV light exposed plants shows good anticancer activity when compared with non UV exposed Plant.

}, keywords = {Cancer cells line HT-29, Hibiscus cannabinus Linn, Total Phenolic Contents, UV-B radiation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.235}, author = {T Sundarrajan and V Velmurugan and MK Kathiravan and K Manikandan and KS Lakshmi and MR Ganesh} } @article {899, title = {The Evaluation of Dietary Black Soybean and Purple Sweet Potato on Insulin Sensitivity in Streptozotocin - Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {639-646}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {639}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hyperglycemia mediates the production of excess free radicals and reduces endogenous antioxidant in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Black soybean (BSB) is rich in antioxidant mainly from isoflavones, whereas the antioxidant of purple sweet potato (PSP) comes from high anthocyanin. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of BSB, PSP, and its combination on malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations, insulin and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) expression in T2DM rats. Methods: T2DM induced by high-calorie diet for five weeks and then injected with a low dose of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg BW) intraperitoneally. The DM rats then treated with black soybean (DM + BSB), purple sweet potato (DM + PSP) and the combination of BSB and PSP 1:3, 2:2, 3:1 respectively (DM + C1- 3). Treatments were given for thirty days. The effect of BSB, PSP and its combination evaluated by measuring SOD and MDA, necrosis in pancreas evaluated through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and insulin and IRS-1 expression in pancreas through immunohistochemistry-fluorescence (IHC-F). Results: Our result indicated that there were no significant differences of BSB and the combination in decreasing MDA concentrations. The ratio of BSB and PSP combination of 2:2 increase SOD towards near normal, decrease necrosis, and improve insulin and IRS-1. Conclusion: The combination of BSB and PSP had the potential to improve insulin sensitivity through the increase of SOD, reduce necrosis, and improve insulin and IRS-1 expression.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Malondialdehyde, Necrosis, Superoxide dismutase, T2DM}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.102}, author = {Abdul Gofur and Agung Witjoro and Erni Widya Ningtiyas and Evi Setyowati and Siti Aminatul Mukharromah and Mochammad Fitri Atho{\textquoteright}illah and Sri Rahayu Lestari} } @article {884, title = {Flavonoids of East Asian Species Serratula manshurica Kitag}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {xx-xx}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {xx}, abstract = {

Aim/ Background: The flavonoid composition of the East Asian species Serratula manshurica Kitag. (Family Asteraceae) growing in the Primorsky Territory, the Amur region and in the South of the Khabarovsk Territory of Russia was studied. Materials and Methods: Flavonoids quercetin-4{\textquoteright}-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (1) and apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (2) were isolated from Serratula manshurica by methods of liquid extraction and recrystallization. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by UV, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. Separation and quantitative content of flavonoids in the extracts of the aerial part (Leaves, stems, inflorescences) of Serratula manshurica was observed by RP HPLC. Results and Conclusion: The change in the amount of some flavonoids in various phenological phases in the overhead part of Serratula manshurica Kitag was studied. It was revealed that the maximum concentration of flavonoid aglycones in the plant was observed during the before budding in the budding period and their glycosides prevaily in the flowering phase. Widespread across the Far East, Serratula manshurica is promising and renewable source of bioactive compounds.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Leaves, NMR spectroscopy, Serratula manshurica, Steams}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.xx}, author = {Myagchilov Aleksey V and Sokolova Larisa I and Gorovoy Peter G and Dmitrenok Pavel S} } @article {915, title = {Investigation of Secondary Metabolites and Cytotoxicity of Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {718-723}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {718}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this study is to isolate and identify sterols and terpenes from the chloroform/methanol extract (3:1) of aerial parts of Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) and evaluation of cytotoxic activity of crude extract and phytol for the first time from this plant. Methods: Different chromatographic techniques for the aerial parts of Jacquemontia pentantha extract were used resulting in isolation of eight compounds. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1HNMR, 13CNMR, EI/MS spectrometry and by comparing their data with those reported in the literature. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay. The mode of action of the extract was predicted by using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay Kit for Tubulin beta (TUBb). Results: Eight compounds for the first time from this plant were identified as Palmitic acid (1), Phytol (major) (2), Stigmast-4-en- 3-one (3), mixture of α-amyrin (4) and β{\textendash}amyrin (5), 1,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaen-3- ol,2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl (all-E) (6) and mixture of α{\textendash} amyrin acetate (7) and β-amyrin acetate (8). The extract showed potent cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell line as well as HCT-116 colon carcinoma cell line at different concentrations (100-6.25 ug/ml) with IC50 (21.8 {\textpm} 0.9) and (40.9 {\textpm} 1.3) respectively. Phytol showed potent cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cell line at different concentrations (100-12.5 ug/ml) with IC50 (60 {\textpm} 2.4), while it had no cytotoxic effect on HCT-116 cell line. The extract showed significant TUBb polymerization inhibition activity. Conclusion: The extract of aerial parts of Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) and also phytol compound has cytotoxic activity due to the presence of phytochemicals such as sterols and terpenes.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxic activity, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Jacquemontia pentantha, MTT Assay, Sterols, Terpenes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.114}, author = {Dina M Eskander and Ezzel -Din A El-Khrisy and Mary H Grace and Marian Nabil and Mahmoud I Nassar and Marwa M Mounier} } @article {1032, title = {Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Allantoin a Bioactive Compound from Cleome viscosa L.: A Combined Experimental and Computational Investigation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1391-1400}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1391}, abstract = {

Allantoin, a crystalline compound was isolated from the methanolic extract of Cleome viscosa and it was reported for first time from this plant. The structure of Allantoin was elucidated by single crystal XRD and it was further confirmed through FTIR and ESI-MS spectroscopy techniques. It was crystallized in monoclinic crystal system with the space group P2i/c. Electronic structure characterization of the isolated Allantoin was done through density functional theory calculation. The atomic charges, dipole moment, frontier molecular orbital and the electrostatic potential map of the molecule in the gaseous phase and in the active site have also been analyzed. The optimized geometry was used for molecular docking to identify the possible binding mode. Furthermore, the in vitro antibacterial activity of the isolated Allantoin against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was evaluated. Maximum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of isolated Allantoin results showed 4 μg/mL for B. subtilis and 8 μg/mL for S. aureus, E. coli and K. pneumoniae.

}, keywords = {Allantoin, Antibacterial activity, Cleome viscosa, Molecular docking, XRD}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.215}, author = {Lakshmanan G and Sivaraj C and Ammar A and Anantha Krishnan D and Gopinath S and Saravanan K and Gunasekaran K and Murugesan K} } @article {901, title = {Liquid Chromatography Single Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (LC/SQ MS) Analysis Reveals Presence of Novel Antineoplastic Metabolites in Ethanolic Extracts of Fruits and Leaves of Annona muricata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {660-668}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {660}, abstract = {

Background: Annona muricata, a tropical plant species belonging to family Annonaceae is one of the most used plants in folk medicine because of its many medicinal uses. Despite its wide usage, there is still need to continue scientifically evaluating its medicinal properties in order to avoid any adverse effects. Elucidating the detailed chemical composition of this plant is a significant step towards this evaluation. Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct LC MS analysis on the ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of Annona muricata for detection of novel metabolites. Materials and Methods: Leaves and fruits of Annona muricata were collected from Eastern Uganda during the month January 2018. Extraction was conducted using the tissue homogenization method and the extracts were analyzed on an LC/SQ MS detection system. The results were obtained by analyzing the MS spectra using the retentions time and fragmentation patterns on the NIST Library. Results: The study revealed that the fruits extracts contain 1,3-Dimethylthiourea and (4-chlorophenyl)-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-[(Z)-3-(dimethylamino) prop-1-enyl]quinolin-6-yl]-(3-methylimidazol-4-yl)methanol, which are reported antioxidant and antineoplastic agents. The leaves contained 2,4,6-Tribromoaniline another antioxidant and antineoplastic agent, while compound (dichlorozirconium(2+);dimethyl-bis(2-methyl-4- phenylinden-1-id-1-yl)silane was found in both extracts of fruits and leaves. Conclusion: The current study suggests that ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of Annona muricata contain compounds which are potent antioxidant, antineoplastic and therapeutic agents for various conditions and paves the way for the development of several treatment regimens from these plant parts. Finally, the compounds reported in this study have been identified for the first time as being found in Annona muricata.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, Antineoplastic, Antioxidant, Ethanolic extracts, LC/SQ MS, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.104}, author = {Yahaya Gavamukulya and Esther N Maina and Amos M Meroka and Edwin S Madivoli and Hany A El-Shemy and Gabriel Magoma and Fred Wamunyokoli} } @article {885, title = {Macro-Microscopic Identification of Dried Flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. and its Differentiation from Adulterant Rhododendron arboreum Sm.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {613-616}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {613}, abstract = {

Background: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. (Fam.Malvaceae) is a small evergreen shrub cultivated in gardens throughout India. The decoction of flowers is used in Indian system of Medicine for bronchial inflammation, urinary astringent and cardio tonic, to promote growth and to prevent graying of hair. The dried flowers of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. (Fam.Ericaceae) are morphologically looking similar to Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and used as adulterant in the market. Hence, the morphological, Micro-morphological and powder microscopical studies on dried flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Rhododendron arboreum was carried out and reported. Objective: To identify the dried flowers of Hisbiscus rosa-sinensis macro-microscopically and to differentiate it from adulterant Rhododendron arboreum. Methods: The morphology and powder microscopy were observed following standard methods and photographed. Results: The colour, taste, arrangement and appearance of calyx, corolla and stamen, trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, sclereids, oil globules and pollen grains are found to be differentiating diagnostic characters in raw drug/powdered form of dried flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Rhododendron arboreum. Conclusion: The finding of present study is helpful in standardization of formulation consists of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis as ingredient in their powdered form and also for authentication/identification of dried flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.

}, keywords = {Adulteration, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Macro-microscopy, Rhododendron arboreum, Semparathai}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.98}, author = {Nartunai Govindarajan and Susikumar Sundharamoorthy and Narayanan Kannan and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {917, title = {A Methanolic Extract of Ocimum basilicum Exhibits Antioxidant Effects and Prevents Selenite-induced Cataract Formation in Cultured Lenses of Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {496-504}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {496}, abstract = {

Objective: An extract (Methanolic) of the Ocimum basilicum leaf was analysed for potential to abrogate experimental formation of cataract in-vitro. Methods: Phytoconstituents were first detected in O. basilicum extracts (Aqueous or methanolic) by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. The putative antioxidant activity of these extracts was then assessed by measuring in-vitro radical-scavenging activity, ion-chelating potential and reducing potency. Potential cytotoxicity of the extract on Human lenticular epithelial B3 (HLE-B3) cells was also sought. Finally, possible prevention of cataract formation by the methanolic extract was gauged in selenite-exposed lenses obtained from Wistar rats. There were 3 groups (8 Lenses in each): Group I (Lenses incubated in Dulbecco{\textquoteright}s modified Eagle{\textquoteright}s medium [DMEM] alone); Group II (Lenses incubated in DMEM with sodium selenite [100 μM/ml]); Group III (Lenses incubated in DMEM with selenite [100 μM/ml] and the O. basilicum methanolic extract (200 μg/ml DMEM). Gross lenticular morphology was assessed. Levels of lenticular malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also measured. Results: A higher intensity of antioxidative activity was noted in the methanolic extract than in the aqueous extract. The methanolic extract exhibited negligible cytotoxicity. On morphological examination, marked opacification was seen in all 8 Group II lenses whereas there was no opacification in 7 of 8 Group III lenses. Near normal mean levels of reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde, were noted within Group III lenses. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of the O. basilicum leaf appears to prevent selenite-induced cataract formation in-vitro.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Cataract, Crystallins, Ocimum basilicum, Oxidative stress, Phytoconstituents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.79}, author = {Thiraviyam Anand and Mahalingam Sundararajan and Muniyandi Anbukkarasi and Philip Aloysius Thomas and Pitchairaj Geraldine} } @article {1010, title = {Momordica Charantia L. Variety from Northeastern Brazil: Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Components}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1312-1324}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1312}, abstract = {

Introduction: Momordica charanthia L., Curcubitaceae, is a pantropical food and medicinal plant. The plant is included in the Official List of Brazilian Medicinal Plants of interest to the Brazilian Unified Health System. The study aimed to perfom microbiological studies with extracts of Momordica charanthia L. including chemical characterization of the active extracts. Methods: The antimicrobial activity was evaluated with the hydroalcoholic and acetone extracts of M. charantia leaves, fruits and seeds from northeastern Brazil using microdilution broth technique on the selected clinical bacterial and fungal strains. Extracts that presented antimicrobial were subjected to ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-ESI-MS). Results: The in vitro antimicrobial assays demonstrated that the leaves extracts presented good antibacterial effect against four Staphylococcus aureus strains, and a weak antifungal activity agaist Candida albicans. Fourteen compounds were identified in the hydroalcoholic extract, while 12 were found in the acetone extract. The most important compounds were kaempferol, quercertin and triterpenoids like cucurbitacins. Conclussion: The present study demonstrated the potential antibacterial activity of M. charantia L. from northeastern part of Brazil, in addition to important phytochemical metabolites known to possess antibacterial activities, particularly against microrganisms of clinical importance. The UPLC phytochemical profile of the Brazilian variety is reported here for the first time. The phytochemical profile of the LHE and FAE demonstrated the presence of biologically and pharmacologically active compounds. There is lack of biological and pharmacological studies to support the medicinal uses of this important plant. The Brazilian variety of M. Charantia could be a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of infections.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Ethnopharmacology, in vitro activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.203}, author = {William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui Guarniz and Kirley Marques Canuto and Paulo Riceli Vasconcelos Ribeiro and Hilania Valeria Dodou and Karla Nascimento Magalhaes and KellenMiranda S{\'a} and Patr{\'\i}cia Georgina Garcia do Nascimento and Karine Lima Silva and Gleilton Weyne Passos Sales and Mirian Parente Monteiro and Nadia Accioly Pinto Nogueira and Sikiru Olaitan Balogun and Mary Anne Medeiros Bandeira} } @article {1021, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies and Artemisinin Content of Artemisia Annua L. Grown in Togo}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1331-1335}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1331}, abstract = {

Objective: Artemisia annua grown in Togo is used as an antimalaria drug. The present study shows a detailed analysis of pharmacognostic evaluation of leaf powder and root that will be used for the purpose of identification, authentication, and consequent standardization. Materials and Methods: Both the leaf and root were evaluated for their macroscopic and microscopic features. The physicochemical parameters of the leaf powder and its phytochemical screening were done based on its total phenols and flavono{\"\i}d content. Artemisinin content was also performed using weigh method after extraction. Results: Physicochemical evaluation yielded water, alcohol, acetone, methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether soluble extractive values which are 2.25\%, 1.25\%, 4.22\%, 8.12\% and 3.77\% (w/w), respectively. Fluorescence analysis imparted characteristic colors to the leaf powder when observed under visible, UV light 254 and 365 nm. Phytochemical screening of leaf powder showed the presence of alkalo{\"\i}ds, flavono{\"\i}d, and anthracene derivatives. Total phenols and flavono{\"\i}d content were 32.5 {\textpm} 0.67 mEq Gallic Acid/100 mg and 11.3 {\textpm} 1.52. mgEq Quercetin/100 mg, respectively. Artemisinin content value was 0.009\% (w/w). Conclusion: Various pharmacognostic parameters which were evaluated assisted in identification and standardization of A. annua leaf in powder and crude form.

}, keywords = {Artemisia, Artemisinin, Flavonoid, Pharmacognostic, Total Phenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.205}, author = {Messan Koffi Adjogbl{\'e} and Batomayena Bakoma and Kossi Metowogo and Kodjovi Dots{\`e} Amouzou and Yao Potchoo and Kwashie Eklu-gadegbeku and Kodjo A Aklikokou and Menssanvi Gbeassor} } @article {791, title = {Phytochemical Study and Biological Activities of Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of the Leaves of Bridelia ferruginea Benth and its Fractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {141-145}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {141}, abstract = {

Context and purpose: The roots of B. ferruginea are used in traditional Togo medicine in the treatment of diabetes. Studies have shown that leaves have a low antihyperglycemic effect. This study aims to improve the effect of leaves. Methods: The hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves underwent a fractionation (separation in cold alcohol) and an OGTT (Oral Glucose tolerance test) on healthy mice, a phytochemical screening and antioxidant tests (in vitro: DPPH and ex vivo: AAPH) were performed on the extract and its fractions. Results: Phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins as well as the absence of condensed tannins, alkaloids, saponosides and anthracene derivatives. The extract also showed antioxidant activity. The supernatant fraction showed antihyperglycemic activity at 100 mg / kg in the 30th and 60th after glucose administration. Phytochemical screening of the supernatant revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins. The supernatant also showed more pronounced antioxidant activity than the total extract. Conclusion: In view of these results, the most active fraction obtained by the separation technique in cold alcohol is the supernatant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Bridelia ferruginea, Diabetes, Fractionation, OGTT}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.23}, author = {Batomayena Bakoma and Sabrina Sanvee and Kossi Metowogo and Yao Potchoo and Kwashie Eklu gadegbeku and Kodjo Aklikokou and Menssanvi Gbeassor} } @article {844, title = {Preparation and Evaluation of Nutraceutical Product Mixture of Seeds of Cucumis melo, Punica granatum, Linum usitatissimum, for Antioxidant, Prebiotic and Nutraceutical Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {383-387}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {383}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pharmaceutical formulation scientists are currently developing new materials and formulations which vividly include Nutraceuticals. {\textquotedblleft}Nutraceutical{\textquotedblright} is a substance that is considered a food or part of a food processed as pharmaceutical, which provides medical or health benefits, encompassing prevention and treatment of diseases. Materials and Methods: Under this research Nutraceutical Product Mixture was prepared using seeds of Cucumis melo, Punica granatum and Linum usitatissimum. Individually these three seeds are reported to contain rich nutrients along with antioxidants, probiotic soluble fibres and thus the mixture of three increased this potential. Individual seed and the mixture was evaluated by In- vitro and In-vivo methods for Nutraceutical Potential. Results: Proximate analysis of the mixture showed rich nutrient content and provided good combination of nutrients. Individual seed powder as well as mixture was tested for prebiotic potential using lactobacilli culture, which showed positive results. Each seed powder as well as mixture was tested for antioxidant potential using DPPH free radical scavenging assay, with promising results. It{\textquoteright}s in- vivo effect was studied using Wistar albino rat as animal model. This study involved haemogram and lipid profile determination which showed certain promising results. The powder mixture was developed into two products namely capsule and health drink powder formula. Conclusion: The nutraceutical powder mixture of seeds of Cucumis melo, Punica granatum and Linum usitatissimum could be a promising product with antioxidant, prebiotic and nutraceutical potential for diabetic and cardiac patients where oxidative stress is a major underlying cause.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant potential, Cucumis melo, Linum usitatissimum, Nutraceutical potential, Nutraceuticals, Prebiotic potential, Proximate Analysis, Punica granatum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.59}, author = {Meera Chandradatt Singh and Kishore N. Gujar} } @article {804, title = {Preparation of Triphala Churna using the Ingredients Obtained from Local Market and Comparative Standardization}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {102-111}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {102}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the recent years there has been rapid growth in the field of herbal medicine most of the tradition systems of medicine are accepted universally after standardization only. it very important to develop an essential techniques to standardization of herbal related drugs. The present study standardization of Triphala Churna majorly focused on that area under WHO guidelines. Method: This polyherbal Churna used treat the constipation and other gastric disorders. In this study a prepared Thriphala Churna was comparatively standardized with the reference obtained from market. For the standardization of the above formulations were done by evaluating the macroscopical, microscopical, powder flow properties, extractive values, Physicochemical characters, heavy metal content detection, qualitavte and quantitive determination of tannins and alkaloids, TLC finger print, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and cytotoxic activity to assess the quality and safety and therapeutic activity of formulation. Results: The above parameters for the both formulation complies with the strands. The flow properties are poor. From the preliminary phytochemical test revealed the presence of various bioactive constituents. Majorly the concentration of tannins and flavonoids are high in water extract and also the water extract having the good anti-oxidant and in vitro cytotoxic activity. Hence the Triphala extracts may be used for various Ayurvedic preparations to chronic diseases like cancer.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxic activity, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity, standardization, Thriphala Churna, TLC finger print}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.18}, author = {Gunji Venkateswarlu and Seru Ganapaty and Akula Murali Sri Sudhakar} } @article {944, title = {Protective Effect of the Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves of Chuquiraga spinosa Less and Baccharis genistelloides on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {858-865}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {858}, abstract = {

Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common conditions affecting middle-aged men, with oxidative stress postulated as an important factor in its development. Objective: To evaluate the protective effect of the association of the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga spinosa (ChS) and Baccharis genistelloides (BaG) on benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Materials and Methods: Sixty-six male rats were randomized into groups: 1) Inductor Group: Testosterone enanthate (ET) 25 mg/Kg on days 8 and 14 intramuscularly. 2) Group P80: Polysorbate-80 3\% 10 mL / Kg. 3) Positive Group: ET + Dutasteride (DU) 0.5 mg / Kg, 4) ET + ChS 250, 5) ET + ChS 500, 6) ET + BaG250, 7) ET + BaG 500, 8) ET + ChS 250 + BaG 250, 9) ET + ChS 500 + BaG 500, 10) ET + ChS 250 + BaG 500, 11) ET + ChS 500 + BaG250. PSA, nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), prostate dimensions by ultrasound and histopathological findings were quantified as main markers. Results: Lower levels of NO, MDA and PSA were observed in all groups treated with extract compared to the Inductor group (p \<0.01), with the reductive capacity of the mixture ChS 250 + BaG 500 and ChS 500 + BaG 250 compared with Dutasteride (p \<0.05). The volume of the prostate was lower in the Dutasteride, P80 and ChS250 + BaG500 groups compared to the inducer (p \<0.05). Regarding the histopathological study, it was observed that the association of variable doses (ChS250 + BaG500 and ChS500 + BaG250) had a better protective effect. Conclusion: Under experimental conditions, the association of the extracts of Chuquiraga spinosa and Baccharis genistelloides has an effect in the protection of BPH induced with testosterone, which could be linked to its antioxidant capacity of the extracts.

}, keywords = {Baccharis genistelloides, Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Chuquiraga spinosa, Dutasteride, Testosterone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.138}, author = {Robert Palomino-De-La-Gala and Hugo Justil-Guerrero and Jorge Arroyo-Acevedo and Juan Rojas-Armas and Cristian Aguilar-Carranza and Jaime Mart{\'\i}nez-Heredia and Edwin Cieza-Macedo and Carlos Garc{\'\i}a-Bustamante and Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Edwin Enciso-Roca and Roberto Ch{\'a}vez- Asmat and Lester Dominguez-Huarcaya} } @article {784, title = {Sequential Fractionation by Organic Solvents Enhances the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Fruits and Leaves of Terminalia bellerica from North Western Himalayas, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {94-101}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {94}, abstract = {

Background: Terminalia bellerica belonging to family combretaceae is one of the major components of {\textquotedblleft}Triphala{\textquotedblright}, an Ayurvedic formulation. Objective: To evaluate antioxidant potential in the ethanolic extract and its active fraction (chloroform, ethyl acetate, n- butanol and aqueous fraction) from fruits and leaves of Terminalia bellerica. Materials and Methods: Folin-Ciocalteau method and aluminium chloride method was used to quantify total phenolic and flavonoid content respectively in ethanolic extract and their fractions from fruits and leaves of T. bellerica. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using total antioxidant activity, DPPH, FRAP and total antioxidant activity methods. Results: Total phenolics (254.72{\textpm}3.03 mg/g GAE and 227.52{\textpm}1.38 mg/g GAE) and flavonoids (64.77{\textpm}1.24 mg/gm RE and 75.57{\textpm}1.38 mg/gm RE) content was higher in ethyl acetate fraction of both fruits and leaves sample of T. bellerica, respectively. The order of free radical scavenging activities was ethyl acetate fraction \> crude ethanolic extract \> n-butanol fraction \> chloroform fraction \> aqueous fraction. Similarly, ethyl acetate fraction of both fruits and leaves exhibited more antimicrobial activity as compared to that of ethanolic extract as revealed from agar well diffusion method with diameter of zone of inhibi{\textlnot}tion of 14.0{\textpm}1.41 mm, 21.0{\textpm}1.41 mm, 14.0{\textpm}1.41 mm, 14.5{\textpm}0.71 mm in fruits and 18.0{\textpm}1.41 mm, 22.5{\textpm}2.12 mm, 15.5{\textpm}2.12 mm, 14.5{\textpm}3.53 mm in leaves against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, respectively. MIC values for fruits were 3.125 mg/ml, 0.375 mg/ml, 3.125 mg/ml, 3.125 mg/ml and for leaves were 1.5625 mg/ml, 0.19 mg/ml, 0.78 mg/ ml, 0.78 mg/ml against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, respectively. Conclusion: The present study provides the evidence for comparative antioxidant and antibacterial potential of ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of T. bellerica. . Moreover, leaves can be promoted to be used for therapeutics and natural antioxidants.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Ethanolic extract, Fruits, Leaves, Terminalia bellerica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.17}, author = {Shikha Rangra Chandel and Vikas Kumar and Shikha Guleria and Nitin Sharma and Anuradha Sourirajan and Prem Kumar Khosla and David J. Baumler and Kamal Dev} } @article {1030, title = {Two Triterpenoid Saponins with alpha-glucosidase Inhibitory Activity from Harpullia pendula Seed Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1386-1390}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1386}, abstract = {

Background: Harpullia pendula Planch (family Sapindaceae) is a small to medium rainforest tree native to Australia. Objective: This study aims to isolate triterpenoid saponins from H. pendula and test them as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Materials and Methods: The saponin compounds were obtained using variable chromatographic techniques and characterized by spectral analysis. Results: Two new triterpenoid saponins were obtained as an inseparable mixture from H. pendula methanolic seed extract. Their structures were determined as 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}2)-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}3)]-βD-glucuronopyranosyl22-OangeloylA1- barrigenol and 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}2)-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}3)]-β-Dglucuronopyranosyl 22-O-(2-methylbutyroyl)-A1 barrigenol, respectively. The triterpene part 22-O-(2-methyl butyroyl) A1-barrigenol has never been characterized before. The α- glucosidase inhibitory activity of the two saponin mixture was evaluated invitro and proved to exhibit strong activity with IC50 value equals to 13.3 {\textpm} 5.0 ppm and IC90 value equals to 21.5 {\textpm} 8.0 ppm. Conclusion: Two new saponins were characterized from their mixture and found to exhibit α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Harpullia pendula, Sapindaceae, Triterpenoid saponins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.214}, author = {Marian Nabil and Neveen S Ghaly and Iman AA Kassem and Mary H Grace and Farouk R Melek} } @article {842, title = {Xanthones Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Analysis (Applying ESR) of Six Different Maturity Levels of Mangosteen Rind Extract (Garcinia mangostana Linn.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {369-373}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {369}, abstract = {

Background: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) is tropical fruit that known to contain bioactive compounds which has particular function as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. Mangosteen rind extract is known to have high contents of xanthone compounds which have antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. This study was aiming to determine the contents of xanthone derivatives using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and antioxidant activity of six different maturity levels of mangosteen rind extract using electron spin resonance (ESR). Method: Mangosteen was classified based on the maturity level by its visual characteristic and divided into six criteria of maturity. The mangosteen rinds were extracted through maceration and freeze drying method. Qualitative analysis of xanthone was obtained using LC-MS/MS. Antioxidant activity was determined using ESR spectrometer. To evaluate antioxidant activity, using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used as free radical scavenger method. Results: The LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the highest concentrations are filled by mangosteen rind with maturity level 6. Moreover, each maturity levels of mangosteen rind extract has different g value compared to DPPH free radical. Different g value indicated the different type of free radical and decreasing g value indicated the declining intensity of free radical. The higher decreasing of g value was mangosteen rind with maturity level 4, 5 and 6. Conclusion: Mangosteen rind extract contains xanthone and its derivatives and ESR analysis showed that different maturity levels on mangosteen rind has different antioxidant activity as indicated by declining free radical intensity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Electron spin resonance (ESR), Free radical, Mangosteen rind extract, Xanthone Garcinia mangostana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.56}, author = {Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo and Bambang Pardjianto and Sutiman Bambang Sumitro and Wahyu Widowati} } @article {456, title = {Aloe Vera (Medicinal Plant) Research: A Scientometric Assessment of Global Publications Output during 2007-16}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {1-8}, type = {Invited Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

The paper examines 1988 global publications on Aloe Vera research, as covered in Scopus database during 2007-16. The Aloe Vera research registered 3.91\% growth and averaged its citation impact to 9.57 citations per paper. The top 12 most productive countries individually contributed global share 5.36\% to 52.17\%. India accounted for the largest global publication share (32.55\%), followed by USA (11.52\%), Iran (8.15\%), China (4.63\%) etc. Together, the top 12 countries accounted for 79.18\% global publications share and 84.94\% global citation share during 2007-16. Seven of top 12 countries scored relative citation index above the world average i.e. 1.04: U.K. (1.82), Thailand and USA (1.63 each), Spain (1.23), Pakistan and China (1.15 each) and Italy (1.12) during 2007-16. The country share of international collaborative publications across top 12 most productive countries varied from 5.36\% to 52.17\%, in Aloe Vera research during 2007-16. Medicine, among other subjects, accounted for the highest publications share (40.90\%), followed by pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceutics (35.16\%), agricultural and biological sciences (23.09\%), biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology (20.27\%), chemistry (7.90\%), immunology and microbiology (6.24\%) and engineering (5.38) during 2007-16. The top 20 most productive research organizations and the authors collectively contributed 11.47\% and 8.55\% respectively global publication share and 12.87\% and13.82\% respectively global citation share during 2007-16. The journals medium accounted for the largest 79.08\% global share with top 15 journals accounting for just 16.01\% of total output that was reported in journals during 2007-16. Only 18 papers in Aloe Vera research registered 100 plus citations between 104 to 242 citations per paper, and together these papers cumulated 2656 citations, averaging to 147.55 citations per paper. These 18 highly cited papers involved the participation of 66 authors and 41 organizations and were published in 15 journals.

}, keywords = {Aloe vera, Bibliometrics, Global research output, Medicinal plant, Scientometrics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.1}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/356}, author = {BM Gupta and KK Mueen Ahmed and SM Dhawan and Ritu Gupta} } @article {531, title = {Andrographolide Induced Apoptosis in NALM-6 Cells Mediated Through the Cell Cycle Arrest and Nuclear Fragmentation}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {210-214}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {210 }, abstract = {

Introduction: Andrographis paniculata is an herb widely cultivated in South and Southeastern Asia. It has been traditionally used to treat infections and other Physiological disorders for several hundreds. We investigated the anti-leukemic potential of Andrographolide (AGP) isolated from the leaves of this plant against an array of cancer cells to investigate its most efficacies in a particular cancer type. Methods: AGP was isolated from Andrographis paniculata leaves by using column chromatography. The structure was further determined by LC-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. AGP was initially tested against four different cancer cell lines, namely NALM-6 (pre B-ALL), K562 (CML), A549 (lung carcinoma) and MCF-7 (breast carcinoma) using MTT assay at different time points and different concentrations. The effect of the isolated biomolecule was also investigated in inducing apoptosis through the study of cell cycle progression using flow cytometry by PI staining and nuclear fragmentation pattern by DAPI staining and fluorescence microscopy. Results: the spectral analysis of the isolated bio-molecule assured that the compound was AGP. MTT assay data indicated that AGP was most potent to induce cytotoxicity in NALM-6 cells. Further investigation revealed that it effectively induced apoptosis by arresting cell cycle progression and increased the nuclear break down in NALM- 6 leukemic cells. Conclusion: Our study efficiently demonstrated that the AGP isolated from Andrographis paniculata induced apoptosis in NALM-6 cells, which could be used in the therapeutic intervention of leukemia in the future.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Andrographolide, Apoptosis, Cell cycle, Cytotoxicity, Leukemia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.36}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/466}, author = {Swadesh Sarkar and Priya K Gopal and Santanu Paul} } @article {512, title = {Antiepileptic Effect of Nux vomica, Homeopathic Remedy, Against Strychnine-Induced Seizers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {245-248}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {245}, abstract = {

Objective: To investigate the antiepileptic effect of homeopathic remedy Nux vomica on mice and its comparison with standard therapeutic diazepam. Methods: BALB-c mice were taken and divided into three groups comprising ten mice in each group. The first group was treated as control; the second group received standard therapeutics (diazepam, i.p.) and the third group received Nux vomica CH7. All groups were treated with strychnine intra peritoneally. Following parameters were observed; start time of convulsions, the number of animals had convulsions, and survival time until death. Results: Nux vomica CH7 homeopathic preparation was found effective in suspending onset of convulsions (P˂ 0.01), and extending survival time until death (P˂ 0.01) in comparison to control mice. It also increased percentage survival in comparison to control as well as diazepam treated animals. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated efficacy of Nux vomica in epilepsy management.

}, keywords = {Anticonvulsant, Epilepsy, Nux vomica, Strychnine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.43}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/473}, author = {Anjana Goel and Aditya Saxena and Ashok Kumar Bhatia} } @article {770, title = {Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Berberis aristata DC. and Berberis thomsoniana C.K. Schneid. from Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s167-s171}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s167}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plants are the major sources of the crude drugs and natural antioxidants. Berberis species have been used in the treatment of various ailments around the world including Nepal. However, systematic study on phytochemistry and pharmacology of Berberis species from Nepal is lacking. Objectives: To evaluate the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Berberis aristata and Berberis thomsoniana from Sagarmatha National Park. Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activity was measured through 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were estimated using Folin\–Ciocalteau and aluminum chloride method respectively. Results: Samples showed dose-dependent radical scavenging activity. Radical scavenging activity of the methanolic extracts of different parts of B. aristata and B. thomsoniana ranged from 19.38 to 98.47\%, with leaf extracts of B. thomsoniana showing the strongest activity. The total phenolic content of the samples varied from 11.04 to 65.30 mg GAE g-1 dry weight whereas total flavonoid content was in between 2.4 to 16.46 mg quercetin/g dry weight. Conclusion: Among the tested samples, leaf extracts of B. thomsoniana showed the strongest antioxidant activity and contained the highest amount of total phenolic and flavonoid content.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Berberis, Flavonoid content, Nepal, Phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.29}, author = {Lok Ranjan Bhatt and Bina Wagle and Minu Adhikari and Santoshi Bhusal and Anjana Giri and Shandesh Bhattarai} } @article {569, title = {Anti-Proliferative Properties of Terminalia sericea Burch. Ex Dc Leaf Extracts Against Caco2 and HeLa Cancer Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {408-415}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {408}, abstract = {

Introduction: Terminalia spp. are characterised by their high levels of antioxidant phytochemicals and several species have anticancer activity. This study examines the anti-proliferative activity of T. sericea leaf extracts against Caco2 and HeLa carcinoma cell proliferation. Methods: Solvent extracts were prepared from T. sericea leaves and their antioxidant capacities were determined by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Anti-proliferative activities against Caco2 and HeLa cancer cells were determined by an MTS based cell proliferation assay. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: The methanolic and aqueous T. sericea leaf extracts displayed high antioxidant capacities (equivalent to 150 and 340 mg of ascorbic acid per gram of plant material extracted respectively). In contrast, the ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts had relatively low antioxidant contents (\≤5 mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per gram of plant material extracted). The antioxidant contents of the T. sericea leaf extracts correlated with the ability of the extracts to inhibit proliferation of Caco2 and HeLa cancer cell lines. The high antioxidant methanolic and aqueous extracts were potent inhibitors of cell proliferation, with IC50 values 120-1400 \μg/mL. The aqueous T. sericea leaf extract was particularly effective, with IC50 values of 528 and 120 \μg/mL against Caco2 and HeLa cells respectively. The methanolic extract also displayed good, albeit substantially less potent, antiproliferative activity against HeLa cells, with an IC50 of 1358 \μg/mL. In contrast, the lower antioxidant content extracts generally did not inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Cell imaging studies detected morphological features consistent with apoptosis in Caco2 cells exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the methanolic and aqueous T. sericea leaf extracts, indicating that these extracts are functioning by cytotoxic mechanisms. The aqueous T. sericea leaf extract displayed low to moderate toxicity in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with an LC50 value of 737 \μg/mL. All other extracts were nontoxic. Conclusion: The antiproliferative activity and low toxicity of the T. sericea methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts extracts against HeLa and Caco2 cancer cell lines indicates their potential in the treatment and prevention of some cancers.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Antioxidant Capacity, Antiproliferative Activity, Apoptosis, Combretaceae, DPPH, Silver Cluster Leaf}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.67}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/499}, author = {BiYun Gu and Joseph Shalom and Ian E. Cock} } @article {480, title = {Anti-Staphylococcal and Antioxidant Properties of Crude Ethanolic Extracts of Macrofungi Collected from the Philippines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {106-109}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {106}, abstract = {

Introduction: Macrofungi have been used in the Philippines as source of food and traditional medicines. However, these macrofungi in the Philippines have not yet been studied for different biological activities. Thus, this research determined the potential antibacterial and antioxidant activities of crude ethanolic extracts of seven macrofungi collected in Bataan, Philippines. Methods: Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay and broth microdilution method were used to screen for the antibacterial activity and DPPH scavenging assay for the determination of antioxidant activity. Results: F. rosea, G. applanatum, G. lucidum and P. pinisitus exhibited zones of inhibition ranging from 6.55 \± 0.23 mm to 7.43 \± 0.29 mm against S. aureus, D. confragosa, F. rosea, G. lucidum, M. xanthopus and P. pinisitus showed antimicrobial activities against S. aureus with an MIC50 ranging from 1250 \μg/mL to 10000 \μg/mL. F. rosea, G. applanatum, G. lucidum, M. xanthopus exhibited excellent antioxidant activity with F. rosea having the highest antioxidant activity among all the extracts tested (3.0 \μg/mL). Conclusion: Based on the results, these Philippine macrofungi showed antistaphylococcal activity independent of the antioxidant activity. These can be further studied as potential sources of antibacterial and antioxidant compounds.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Mushrooms, Philippines, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.19}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/405}, author = {Christine May Gaylan and John Carlo Estebal and Ourlad Alzeus G. Tantengco and Elena M. Ragragio} } @article {575, title = {Bactericidal Kinetics and Antibiofilm Efficacy of Pimarane-Type Diterpenes from Viguiera arenaria Against Cariogenic Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {429-434}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {429}, abstract = {

Background: Dental caries is an infectious disease related to biofilm formation. Among the microorganisms presents in the oral microbiota, Streptococcus mutans can form biofilm on the tooth surface in the presence of dietary carbohydrates. This study aimed to evaluate the bactericidal kinetics and antibiofilm efficacy of ent-pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oic acid (compound 1) and ent-8(14),15-pimaradien-3\β-ol (compound 2) obtained from Viguiera arenaria against oral pathogens; this study also aimed to determine the effect of these compounds on the morphology and architecture of the S. mutans biofilm by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: The bactericidal kinetics revealed different results depending on the tested bacteria. Compound 1 eliminated the viable bacteria within 24 hs of incubation. In the antibiofilm assay, compound 1 displayed promising results against S. mitis (ATCC 49456 and clinical isolate) and L. casei (clinical isolate), whereas compound 2 was not active at the evaluated concentrations. Conclusion: Compound 1 is an important metabolite in the search for new antibacterial agents against cariogenic bacteria both in the sessile and planktonic modes. The SEM image of Streptococcus mutans in the presence of compound 1 suggested that this metabolite acts by disrupting the bacterial membrane disrupting the bacterial membrane and/or cell wall and causing microrganism death.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Bactericidal kinetics, Scanning electron microscopy, Streptococcus mutans, Viguiera arenaria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.70}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/503}, author = {Juarez Henrique Ferreira and Rafael Martinez Garcia and Fariza Abr{\~a}o and Yadira Arnet Fernandez and Regina Helena Pires and S{\'e}rgio Ricardo Ambr{\'o}sio and Rodrigo Cassio Sola Veneziani and Carlos Henrique Gomes Martins} } @article {611, title = {Bombax ceiba: A Potential Anti-Anxiety Drug}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {712-714}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {712}, abstract = {

Background: Bombax ceiba is a famous plant used extensively in traditional medicine for various diseases. However, data pertaining to its effects at CNS level is limited. Objective: To analyze the anti-anxiety potential of ethanolic extracts of Bombax ceiba leaves on rats using the elevated plus maze protocol. Materials and Methods: Five groups containing six rats each were treated with respective drugs.Control rats were treated with 0.5ml of 10\% ethanol i.p. (negative control). Single treatments of diazepam (2mg/kg i.p) were used as a positive control and varied levels of ethanolic extracts of Bombax ceiba leaves (150 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, i.p.) were applied to other groups. The index of anxiety was measured by observing the entry and time duration in the open arm of the EPM. Results: Extract at 400 mg/kg significantly increased the time duration and number of entries into the open arm which was statistically significant (p value \<0.05) when compared to the control group (ethanol). Diazepam showed the most significant results when compared to other groups (p\<0.0005). Extracts at 150 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg demonstrated negligible results that were statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The results indicate the anti-anxiety potential of Bombax ceiba leaves at higher concentration. Further studies are required to analyze the implicated phytochemicals and the mechanism at cellular level.

}, keywords = {Anti-anxiety, Bombax ceiba leaves, Diazepam, Elevated Plus Maze, Ethanol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.118}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/656}, author = {Abdulrahman Alsayari and Mohammed Ghazwani and Dalia Almaghaslah and Yahya Alhamhoom and Maha Saad and Rawan Ahmed and Wafa Saeed and Wijden Ali and Sadia Batool} } @article {495, title = {Cell-free Supernatant from Exiguobacterium acetylicum Isolated from Water Cabbage (Pistia stratiotes) Roots Inhibits Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {198-201}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {198}, abstract = {

Introduction: The study was carried out to isolate and identify potential antibiotic-producing bacteria associated with water cabbage (Pistia stratiotes) roots collected from Pampanga River, Pampanga, Philippines. Seven (7) bacterial colonies were randomly chosen at the 10-6 dilution factor. Antibiotic sensitivity test using agar well method revealed that only one isolate out of 7 selected colonies can inhibit the growth of the test organisms. Specifically, the isolate (namely T4) supernatant inhibited E. coli and B. subtilis but not S. aureus. T4\’s ability to inhibit E. coli was comparable with that of Tetracycline (positive control). Surprisingly, its inhibition of B. subtilis is significantly higher than that of Tetracycline. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis using NCBI Basic Local Alignment Search Tool revealed 99\% similarity of the isolate (T4) with Exiguobacterium acetylicum, a gram-positive, antibiotic-producing bacterium previously isolated from an apple orchard rhizosphere.

}, keywords = {Antibiotic, Cell-free supernatant, Exiguobacterium acetylicum, Pistia stratiotes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.34}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/420}, author = {Ashok Kumar Ranganathan and Renato A Dela Pe{\~n}a Jr and Marilyn T Malison and Oscar V Punzalan Jr and Christian R Pangilinan and Daniel E Gracilla} } @article {775, title = {Chemical Composition and Hepatoprotective Activity of Saponaria officinalis on Paracetamol-Induced Liver Toxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s129-s134}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s129}, abstract = {

Background: The present day life style causing different illness including liver diseases and different health complications. So, there is a need to identify new chemical entities with more efficiency in the treatment of diseases and less side effects. There were many reports in recent times, about identifying new drugs from different medicinal plants and also precursors for synthesis new bioactive molecules for treating various diseases. Objective: The present study was carried out on root parts (rhizomes) of S. officinalis for phytochemical analysis and hepatoprotective activity on Paracetamol-induced liver toxicity. Materials and Methods: The phytochemical analysis was carried out to know biological active compounds in different extracts of S. officinalis using standard procedures and quantified the total alkaloid and phenolic contents. Hepatoprotective activity of the S. officinalis extracts were carried out by using Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Results: The phytochemical analysis of S. officinalis roots\’ extracts showed presence of sterols, terpenoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, proteins, flavanoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins and absence of saponins and oils. The methanolic extract showed more phenolic and alkaloid contents on their quantification. The S. officinalis roots extracts are found to be safe at 2000 mg/kg b. w. in acute toxicity study and showed dose dependent percentage protection on liver toxicity. Methanol extract showed more activity at 500mg/kg b. w. and is comparable with standard drug Liv 52 on altered liver biomarker enzymes AST (SGOT), ALT (SGPT), ALP, total bilirubin and total protein with percentage protection 56.17\%, 54.53\%, 61.55\% 57.29\% and 53.66\%. Conclusion: The present study results indicates that phytochemical constituent\’s diversity in S. officinalis and those extracts possess hepatoprotective activity. Further studies are needed and should involve the isolation of pure, biologically active compounds

}, keywords = {Liver, Paracetamol, roots, Saponaria officinalis, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.24}, author = {Mallikarjuna Rao Talluri and Veda Priya Gummadi and Ganga Rao Battu} } @article {740, title = {Chemical Composition and Hepatoprotective Activity of Saponaria officinalis on Paracetamol-induced Liver Toxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1196-1201}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1196}, abstract = {

Background: The present day life style causing different illness including liver diseases and different health complications. So, there is a need to identify new chemical entities with more efficiency in the treatment of diseases and less side effects. There were many reports in recent times, about identifying new drugs from different medicinal plants and also precursors for synthesis new bioactive molecules for treating various diseases. Objective: The present study was carried out on root parts (rhizomes) of S. officinalis for phytochemical analysis and hepatoprotective activity on paracetmol-induced liver toxicity. Materials and methods: The phytochemical analysis was carried out to know biological active compounds in different extracts of S. officinalis using standard procedures and quantified the total alkaloid and phenolic contents. Hepatoprotective activity of the S. officinalis extracts were carried out by using Paracetmol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Results: The phytochemical analysis of S. officinalis roots\’ extracts showed presence of sterols, terpenoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, proteins, flavanoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins and absence of saponins and oils. The methanolic extract showed more phenolic and alkaloid contents on their quantification. The S. officinalis roots extracts are found to be safe at 2000 mg/kg b. w. in acute toxicity study and showed dose dependent percentage protection on liver toxicity. Methanol extract showed more activity at 500mg/kg b. w. and is comparable with standard drug Liv 52 on altered liver biomarker enzymes AST (SGOT), ALT (SGPT), ALP, total bilirubin and total protein with percentage protection 66.67\%,60.63\%,65.93\%,64.24\% and 60.98\%. Conclusion: The present study results indicates that phytochemical constituent\’s diversity in S. officinalis and those extracts possess hepatoprotective activity. Further studies are needed and should involve the isolation of pure, biologically active compounds.

}, keywords = {Liver, Paracetamol, roots, Saponaria officinalis, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.205}, author = {Mallikarjuna Rao Talluri and Veda Priya Gummadi and Ganga Rao Battu} } @article {733, title = {Comparison of Antibacterial Efficacy of Cinnamon Extract and Calcium Hydroxide as Intracanal Medicament against E. fecalis: An In vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1165-1168}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {xx1165}, abstract = {

Background: There has been an increased use of natural products as medicament in endodontic treatment due to the increased adverse effect observed in chemical products used. The natural products used aims to disinfect the root canal and provide a sterile environment as efficiently as the comparable chemical products. Aim: To compare the antibacterial efficacy of cinnamon extract and calcium hydroxide as intracanal medicament against E. fecalis. Materials and Methods: The study is an in vitro randomized controlled study conducted on 40 single rooted permanent teeth. The study sample was divided into two groups- cinnamon extract as intracanal medicament and calcium hydroxide. The intracanal medicament was placed for 7 days. The outcome was measures using colony forming units per ml. Statistical analysis was done using Mann-Whitney\’s test to compare between the two groups. Results: Cinnamon extract intracanal medicament showed higher antibacterial efficacy as compared to calcium hydroxide. (p=0.002). Conclusion: Cinnamon extract showed better antimicrobial efficacy against E. feacalis as intracanal medicament as compared to calcium hydroxide.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial efficacy, Calcium hydroxide, Cinnamon extract, E. feacalis, Intracanal medicament}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.199}, author = {Veerale Panchal and Deepa Gurunathan and Lakshmi Thangavelu} } @article {712, title = {Curcuma longa (Medicinal Plant) Research: A Scientometric Assessment of Global Publications Output during 1997-2016}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {998-1006}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {998}, abstract = {

The present study examined 5351 global publications in Curcuma longa as covered in international Scopus database during 1997-2016, with a view to understand their growth rate, global publication share, citation impact, international collaborative papers share, distribution of publications by broad subjects, productivity and citation profile of top organizations and authors, preferred media of communication and bibliographic characteristics of high cited papers. The global publications registered an annual average growth rate of 13.40\% and its citation impact averaged to 29.04 citations per paper. Among the top 15 countries, the global share ranged from 1.91\% to 31.04\%, with India contributing the largest share of 31.04\%, followed by USA (13.96\%), China (11.55\%), etc. 92.66\% and 96.84\% of the cumulative global publication and citation share comes from top 15 countries during 1997-2016, showing increase in publication share from 89.25\% to 93.62\% from 1997-2006 to 2007-17. Five countries registered relative citation index above the world average of 1.05: USA (2.29), U.K. (2.08), Taiwan (1.81), Italy (1.23) and South Korea (1.10) during 1997-2016. Medicine, among seven broad subjects, contributed the largest publications share of 37.38\%, followed by pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceutics (32.07\%), biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology (31.68\%), agricultural and biological sciences (25.53\%), chemistry (12.78\%), etc. during 1997-16 Among various organizations and authors contributing to global Curcuma longa research, the 20 most productive global organizations and authors together contributed 13.89\% and 5.59\% global publication share and 20.75\% and 14.25\% global citation share respectively during 1997-2016. Amongst 5157 journal papers (in 2216 journals) in global Curcuma longa research, the top 20 most productive journals contributed 15.92\% share of total journal publication output during 1997-2016. Three hundred forty (340) publications were found to be high cited, as they registered citations from 100 to 3869 during 1997-2016 and they together received 81274 citations, which averaged to 239.04 citations per paper. It is suggested that developing countries need to increase their efforts in investment in R \& D to increase their output and also to perform better in terms of quality of research.

}, keywords = {Bibliometrics, Curcuma longa, Global research output, Medicinal plant, Scientometrics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.170}, author = {K K Mueen Ahmed and B. M. Gupta and Ritu Gupta} } @article {721, title = {Effects of Food Processing on Resveratrol and Total Phenolic Content in Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1096-1100}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1096}, abstract = {

Objective: Trans-resveratrol is a phenolic compound in the stilbene group present in Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seeds. In Indonesia, these seeds are consumed by roasting, frying (i.e., emping), and boiling. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of food processing on trans-resveratrol and total phenolic compound levels in melinjo seeds. Methods: Melinjo seed was roasted at 145oC for 10 and 20 min, boiled at 100oC for 5, 15, and 30 min, and fried at 160-170oC for 2 and 4 min. Samples were refluxed with 96\% ethanol. The determination of trans-resveratrol levels was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method. Results: Based on the results, it was found that trans-resveratrol and total phenolic content levels in Melinjo powder decreased from 36\% to 10\% (trans-resveratrol) and 15\% to 4\% (total phenolic) after 20 min of roasting, and in fried empings, it decreased 60\%, 68\%, and 92\% (trans-resveratrol) and 41\%, 45\%, 97\% (total phenolic) after 5, 15, and 30 min of boiling, respectively. Conclusion: There were significant changes in trans-resveratrol levels and total phenolic content in Melinjo seeds before and after various cooking processes (i.e., roasting, boiling, and frying).

}, keywords = {Food processing, Gnetum gnemon L., Melinjo seeds, Resveratrol levels, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.186}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Desta Andriyani and Christoper Gunawan and Nisrina Dhiah Fauziah and Sutriyo Sutriyo and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {516, title = {Evaluation of Chemoprotective Effect of Quercetin from Argyreia speciosa against N-methyl-N-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine and NaCl-Induced Gastric Carcinomas in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {215-220}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {215}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the chemo protective potential of Quercetin, an isolated compound from Argyreia speciosa, on N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and NaCl-induced gastric carcinomas in Wistar rats. Methods: The rats were fed with a diet supplemented with 8\% NaCl and simultaneously given N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. After administration of the carcinogen, quercetin was administered. The whole stomach and a part of duodenum were sampled, cut open and tumors were recorded. The specimens were histopathologically investigated and the expression of surviving was examined with immunohistochemical analysis. Results and Conclusions: The treatment with quercetin significantly increases body weight in the rats after N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine administration. Survivin expression in glandular stomachs of normal rats, of rats in adenocarcinomas and quercetin at dose dependent manner treated rats were 0\%, 90\%, 75\%, 33.3-25\%, respectively. Compared with the survivin expression in negative rats, the differences were significant. Compared with the survivin expression in normal rats, the differences were significant. Histological observations of stomach tissues too correlated with the biochemical observations. These findings indicated that the Quercetin treatment could stimulate immunity activity in rats with N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine induced gastric carcinoma and have pronounced effect on survivin which is an attractive target for gastric cancer therapy.

}, keywords = {Argyreia speciosa, Gastric carcinoma, Immunochemistry, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.37}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/467}, author = {Lubna Azmi and Ila Shukla and Shyam Sundar Gupta and Aniruddh Chaudhary and Padam Kant and Narayan Prasad Yadav and Chandana Venkateswara Rao} } @article {742, title = {Glycyrrhiza glabra (Medicinal Plant) Research: A Scientometric Assessment of Global Publications Output during 1997-2016}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1067-1075}, type = {Invited Article}, chapter = {1067}, abstract = {

The present study examined 3428 global publications in Glycyrrhiza glabra, as covered in multidisciplinary Scopus bibliographical database during 1997-2016, with a view to understand their growth rate, global share, citation impact, international collaborative papers share, distribution of publications by broad subjects, productivity and citation profile of top organizations and authors, preferred media of communication and bibliographic characteristics of high cited papers. The global publications registered an annual average growth rate of 10.87\% and its citation impact averaged to 19.09 citations per paper. Among the top 12 most productive countries, the global share ranged from 1.87\% to 19.81\%, with China contributing the largest share of 19.81\%, followed by India (13.71\%), USA (11.84\%), etc. More than 79.0\% of the cumulative global publication share comes from top 12 countries during 1997-2016, showing decrease from 100.0\% to 77.80\% from 1997-2006 to 2007-16. Seven countries registered relative citation index above the world average of 1.10: U.K. (2.39), USA (1.87), Canada (1.71), Italy (1.51), Japan (1.49), Turkey (1.24) and Taiwan (1.18) during 1997-2016. Medicine, among seven broad subjects, contributed the largest publications share of 44.41\%, followed by pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceutics (35.04\%), biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology (26.84\%), agricultural and biological sciences (16.89\%), chemistry (14.59\%), etc. during 1997-16. Among various organizations and authors contributing to global Glycyrrhiza glabra research, the 20 most productive global organizations and authors together contributed 15.08\% and 9.16\% global publication share respectively and 14.57\% and 16.62\% global citation share respectively during 1997-16. Amongst 3322 journal papers (in 1153 journals) in global Glycyrrhiza glabra research, the top 20 most productive journals contributed 16.80\% share of total journal publication output during 1997-2016. One hundred thirteen (113) publications were found to be high cited, as they registered citations from 100 to 852 during 1997-2016 and they together received 22234 citations, which averaged to 196.76 citations per paper.

}, keywords = {Bibliometrics, Global research output, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Medicinal plant, Scientometrics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.180}, author = {B. M. Gupta and K K Mueen Ahmed and Ritu Gupta} } @article {607, title = {Hepatoprotective Potential of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb in Hepatotoxicity Induced by Simvastatin and its consequences on Biochemical and Haematological Indices}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {720-724}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {720}, abstract = {

Objective:To evaluate hepatoprotective activity along with hematological and defensive recital of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb against simvastatin induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rodents. Methods: In the present study, in- vivo hepatoprotective effect of 50\% methanolic fruit extract of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb (TME 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) was evaluated using experimental model, simvastatin (20 mg/kg, p.o.), induced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals. The hepatoprotective activity was estimatedby interpreting using various biochemical parameters like SGOT, SGPT, ALP, total bilirubin, total protein and albumin along with the haematological and histopathological studies. Results: The treatment with TME significantly (P\<0.05-P\<0.001) and dose-dependently reversed simvastatin induced elevation in serum level ofSGOT, SGPT, ALP, total bilirubin and restored the total protein and albumin level. Furthermore, TME also signify the blood parameters at dose of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg and restored the body defense mechanism. The histological examination revealed that TME at dose of 200 mg/kg showed regeneration of hepatocytes around central vein with near normal liver architecture. Conclusion: The results of this study exhibited liver protective effect of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb against simvastatin induced liver injury and there by scientifically support its traditional use.

}, keywords = {Hepatocytes, Hepatotoxicity, Liver, Simvastatin, Trichosanthes dioica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.120}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/658}, author = {Ramesh Kumar Gupta and Sudhansu Ranjan Swain and Jagannath Sahoo and Amresh Gupta and Sachin Chaudhary} } @article {623, title = {High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis for the Simultaneous Quantification of Two Polyphenolic Biomarkers in Methanolic Fraction of Bauhinia tomentosa L. Floral Buds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {773-777}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {773}, abstract = {

Objectives: A high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of caffeic acid and quercetin in methanolic fraction of Bauhinia tomentosa L. floral buds was developed for the first time. Method: For achieving good separation, a mobile phase of toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (7:3:0.5, v/v/v) was used. The densitometric determination was carried out at 366 nm in reflection/absorption mode. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 100-600 ng per spot for caffeic acid and quercetin. Results: During the analysis methanolic fraction of Bauhinia tomentosa L. floral buds showed the pres\¬ence of caffeic acid (0.02\%) and quercetin (0.018\%). Conclusion: The proposed method is simple, precise, specific, accurate, less time consuming and cost effective. The statistical analysis of data obtained proves that the method is reproducible and selective and can be used for routine analysis of reported phenolic compounds in crude drug and extracts. The simultaneous quan\¬tification of these compounds has not yet been reported in floral buds of Bauhinia tomentosa which may be utilized for the proper standardization of the plant.

}, keywords = {Bauhinia tomentosa, Caffeic acid, HPTLC, Quercetin, Validation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.130}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/668}, author = {Abhishek Gupta and Harinath Dwivedi and AKS Rawat} } @article {622, title = {Hydroalcoholic and Alkaloidal Extracts of Murraya koenigii(L.) Spreng Augments Glucose Uptake Potential against Insulin Resistance Condition in L6 Myotubes and Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3L1 Adipocytes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {633-639}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {633}, abstract = {

Background: Murraya koenigii, commonly known as \“curry leaves\” is native to India. The highly valued part of the plant is the leaves which possess various biological activities. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic effect of Murraya koenigii (MK) leaf extracts, of two different solvent ratios. Materials and methods: 70\% hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts of MK leaves were prepared by cold maceration method. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out for both the extracts. In vitro anti diabetic activity was screened by inhibitory action on \α \– amylase, \α \– glucosidase enzymes. Further, the 70\% hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts were assessed for glucose uptake potential, anti - adipogenic property, as well as inhibitory activity on diabetes associated complications. HPTLC quantification of major phytoconstituent was carried out. Results: The study showed presence of various phytoconstituents such as, polyphenols, alkaloids, tannins, reducing sugars etc. The 70\% hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts of MK leaves exhibited \>90\% inhibition against carbohydrate metabolising enzymes compared to aqueous and absolute alcohol extracts. Both the extracts showed enhanced glucose uptake in L6 myotubes attenuating the effect of Palmitate induced insulin resistance. Significant inhibition on adipogenesis was exerted by both 70\% hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts of MK leaves. Besides, marked inhibition of advanced glycation end products was exhibited by the extracts. HPTLC quantification analysis of the aforementioned extracts showed the presence of major phytoconstituent, Mahanine, in it. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that MK possesses significant antidiabetic property and also exhibited considerable effect in preventing diabetes associated complications. The potent antidiabetic activity of MK could be attributed to the presence of Mahanine, the major active constituent, which is a carbazole alkaloid.

}, keywords = {complications, Diabetes, glucose uptake, L6 myotubes, Mahanine, α - amylase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.104}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/642}, author = {Parameswari Royapuram Parthasarathy and Janani Murthy and Dinesh Murugan Girija and Srivani Telapolu and Chamundeeswari Duraipandian and Thyagarajan Sadras Panchatcharam} } @article {722, title = {Identification of Phytoconstituents in Lawsonia inermis Linn. Leaves Extract by GC-MS and their Antibacterial Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1101-1108}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {xx1101}, abstract = {

Background: Plant extracts contains multiple active constituents which leads to the production of new drugs from plants and chemicals derived from various parts of plants. The objective of present study was to investigate the GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activity of L. inermis leaves extracts. Material and Methods: Crude methanol extract and its fractions were tested for the presence of active phytochemicals and GC-MS analysis of hexane; ethyl acetate and aqueous methanol fractions was performed. Antimicrobial activity against six bacterial strain\’s Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtelis, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was also tested. Results: Phytochemical screening of extract confirmed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, quinones, steroids and phenol. In GC-MS chromatograms, 56, 108 and 19 peaks were obtained and out of these, 13, 17 and 7 compounds were identified in hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous methanol fractions, respectively. Conclusion: For best of our knowledge in L.\ inermis leaves extract, Celidoniol and Vitamin E has not been reported earlier in hexane fractions. While 2, 3 dihydrobenzo furan, 1-H indole -1, 3 (2H)-dione, 1 (3H)-Isobenzofuranone, 1H Isoindole-1, 3 (2H) Dione, Napthelene, 2 ethoxy, 2 (4H) Benzofuranone, Vitamin E, Benzene, 1 isocyano 4 methyl are also identified for the first time in ethyl acetate fraction. Also, in aq. Methanol fraction 1(3H)-isobenzofuranone, Squalene and Vit E were not previously identified. Highest antibacterial activity was confirmed in crude methanol extract which might be due to all the antibacterial compounds present in its fractions. The present study helped in identifying phytoconstituents present in the extract and its fractions which are responsible for various biological and antibacterial activities.

}, keywords = {1, 4 Napthelenedione, Antimicrobial activity, Lawsone, Lawsonia inermis Linn, Medicinal plants, Methanol extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.187}, author = {Ritesh Kumar Sharma and Anjana Goel} } @article {680, title = {Improved Bioactive Metabolite Production by Saccharopolyspora halotolerans VSM-2 Using Response Surface Methodology and Unstructured Kinetic Modelling}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {833-840}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {833}, abstract = {

Background: This study targets to optimize and analyse the interactive effects of process variables for improved bioactive metabolite production using RSM and unstructured kinetic modelling by S. halotolerans VSM 2. Materials and Methods: RSM was applied to optimize the interactive effects of five variables, viz., time of incubation, pH, temperature, concentration of maltose and meat extract on bioactive metabolite production and its effect against the five responses viz., S. flexneri, S. marcescens, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Models of Logistic and Luedeking-Piret were used to simulate the cellular increase and bioactive metabolite production. Results: RSM optimal conditions for the bioactive metabolite production recorded were incubation time (12days), pH (8), and temperature (250C), concentrations of maltose and meat extract (1 \% w/v) (each). The effect of the bioactive metabolite produced (zone of inhibition) against the responses were found to be 17 mm for S. flexneri, 17 mm for S. marcescens, 16 mm for P. vulgaris, 17 mm for P. aeruginosa and 18 mm for E coli. The data obtained from experimental values are in close agreement with the predicted values of RSM. Model adequacy was evaluated using ANOVA variance where the quadratic effect of p\<0.0001 which imply the significance of the model. The unstructured-, mathematical- kinetic models provided a better approximation of profiles of S. halotolerans VSM 2 growth, optimized media utilization and bioactive metabolite production. Conclusion: Optimization of the independent variables for the production of the bioactive metabolite using RSM by S. halotolerans VSM 2 and its effect against the five responses were documented. The predicted values are in good agreement with the experimental values. Unstructured models provided a better approximation of kinetic profiles for bioactive metabolite production by S. halotolerans VSM 2.

}, keywords = {Bioactive metabolites, Kinetic Modelling, Optimization, Response Surface Methodology, Saccharopolyspora halotolerans}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.142}, author = {Ushakiranmayi Managamuri and Muvva Vijayalakshmi and Mani Deepa Indupalli and Venkat Siva Rama Krishna Ganduri and Satish Babu Rajulapati and Sudhakar Poda} } @article {642, title = {In vitro Antifungal Effects of Hesperetin and Silibinin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {789-792}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {789}, abstract = {

Background: Increasing resistance of microorganisms against available antimicrobial agents is of major concern among scientists and clinicians worldwide. To overcome the resistance and other drawbacks of the current antimicrobial drugs and to obtain more efficacious drugs, an antimicrobial drug having a novel mode of action should be developed. The flavonoid compounds have demonstrated for their therapeutic potential as antimicrobial agents previously. Aim: To evaluate the antifungal efficacy of plant derived compounds such as hesperetin (HSP) and silibinin (SBN) compounds in vitro. Materials and Methods: In this study, we evaluated the antifungal effect of two plant derived flavonoid compounds i.e., SBN and HSP against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Malassezia furfur, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium oxalicum. The disk diffusion test was performed to test the antifungal effect of HSP and SBN with three different concentrations i.e., 15, 20, 25 mg/ml of HSP and SBN. The antifungal efficacy was studied for 72 h. Results: Our results indicate that SBN has significant antifungal effect than that of HSP. The high sensitivity of these compounds was found against C. albicans, C. tropicalis. Conclusion: These drugs could be good candidate to combine with regular antimicrobial agents.

}, keywords = {Candida albicans, Flavonoids, Fungal infection, Hesperetin, Silibinin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.133}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/671}, author = {Ramar Gowtham and Fysal Yousuf MA and Devaraj Ezhilarasan and Shanmugam Sambantham and Balakrishnan Anandan} } @article {618, title = {Inhibition of Advanced Glycation End-Product Formation by Lutein from Tagetes erecta}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {734-737}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {734}, abstract = {

Background: Advanced glycation end products(AGEs) are formed by non-enzymatic glycation of proteins that enhance vascular permeability in both micro and macro vascular structures by binding to specific macrophage receptors. AGEs affect nearly every type of cells and molecule in the body and play causative role in the vascular complication in diabetes mellitus. Materials and Method: AGE reaction solution was constituted with 10mg/ml bovine serum albumin in 50mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and 0.02\% sodium benzoate into 0.2M fructose and 0.2M of glucose. 2.5 ml of the reaction mixture was treated with lutein (10, 20, 40, 60, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 \μ g/ml in methanol). Amino guanidine was used as the positive control. After incubating at 37\°C for 7 days, the fluorescence intensity of the reaction was determined at excitation and emission wavelength of 350 nm and 450 nm, respectively, using a multimode reader. The percentage activity was calculated with respect to solvent control. Result: 7 days of exposure to lutein showed a maximum inhibition of 89.27\±0.24 \% at 140\μg/ml and Amino guanidine exhibited 90\% of inhibition. The IC50 of Lutein for AGE inhibition was found to be 77.78\μg/ml and for AG, 72.66\μg/ml.Conclusion: The non-enzymatic adduct formation between the keto group of sugar and amino group of proteins is one of the molecular basis of diabetic complications in hyperglycaemic state. Inhibition of this process will be useful in the management of diabetic complications. Lutein showed dose dependent inhibitory effect on the protein glycation.Hence, it may be used for the management of diabetic complication.

}, keywords = {Advance glycation end product, Amino-guanidine, Diabetes mellitus, Lutein}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.123}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/661}, author = {Karan Rajpurohit Gayathri and Roy Anitha and Thangavelu Lakshmi} } @article {526, title = {Investigation of Immunomodulatory Potential of Whole Plant of Boerhavia erecta Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {241-244}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {241}, abstract = {

The present study was designed to investigate immunomodulatory activity of aqueous extract of whole plant Boerhavia erecta. The concept of immunomodulation has been gaining much significance worldwide as people started realizing the indispensible role of the immune system in maintaining a disease-free state. Natural products have been considered a plentiful source in the search for new chemical entities that modulate the immune system with reduced adverse effects. Pharmacological evaluation of the crude ethanolic extract of Boerhavia diffusa roots has shown to possess anti proliferative and immunomodulatory properties but not reported from Boerhavia erecta. Due to that, immunomodulatory activity was carried out for the aqueous extract of Boerhavia erecta (Family: Nyctaginaceae). In this present study, aqueous extract of whole plant of Boerhavia erecta exhibited phagocytosis stimulation of human neutrophils against Candida albicans in a dose dependent manner.

}, keywords = {Boerhavia erecta, Candida albicans, Phagocytosis stimulation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.42}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/472}, author = {Vasuki K and Murugananthan G and Banupriya C and Ramya R and Mohana priya C and Shenjudar D} } @article {612, title = {Macro-Microscopic Atlas on Heartwood of Santalum album L. (Sandalwood)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {730-733}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {730}, abstract = {

Background: Santalum album L. (Fam. Santalaceae) is a small evergreen tree distributed in South India mainly on the Deccan plateau, especially in Mysore and Tamil Nadu. The heartwood is highly prized and medicinally useful; Santalum album is one of the ingredients in many Ayurvedic and Siddha formulations. Objective: The present study brings out macro-microscopic atlas on heartwood of medicinal plant Santalum album L. Materials and Methods: Sections and powder were observed and photographed under different magnifications with the help of Olympus BX51 Microscopic unit fitted with Olympus Camera. Results: Macroscopically odour and taste, microscopically tyloses, fibres, tailed pitted vessels, uni and biseriate medullary rays, brownish content and oil globules are the unique diagnostic characters reported. Conclusion: The finding of the present study is believed to be helpful in identifying the correct botanical source of the plant in crude form and also standardization of herbal formulation containing sandalwood as ingredient.

}, keywords = {Chandana, Macro-microscopic atlas, Pharmacognosy, Sandalwood, Santalum album}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.122}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/660}, author = {Susikumar Sundharamoorthy and Nartunai Govindarajan and Arunachalam Chinnapillai and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {593, title = {Pharmacognostic Standardization of an Ethnomedicinal Aquatic Herb, Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms for its Antibacterial Potentiality}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {533-540}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {533}, abstract = {

Objectives: To evaluate antibacterial potentiality, pharmacognostic characteristics and quality control parameters including heavy metals, like lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) accumulation in the aerial parts of an aquatic herb, Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms. Methods: Antibacterial assay was done by agar well diffusion method. Pharmacognostic studies like morpho-anatomical and physicochemical analyses were carried out for organoleptic, microscopic and macroscopic evaluations of living aerial parts, and powder microscopy, fluorescence, proximate and elemental analysis of the dried powder sample. Elements and heavy metals contents were determined by carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur / oxygen (CHNS/O) analyzer and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. Results: M. hastata (L.) Solms aerial parts showed antibacterial activity against gastrointestinal and topical pathogens. It exhibited an amphistomatic and hydromorphic anatomical characters. The distinguishing features were the presence of stomata in upper and lower epidermis, broad air chambers, cuticle, collateral vascular bundles, sclereidal fibres, pitted tracheids, pitted vessels, calcium oxalate crystals and annular vessels in leaf. The powder sample contained very less amount of acid insoluble ash than water soluble ash and complete absence of foreign organic matter. Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur (CHNS) ratio was 33:6:5:1 and lead content was lesser than the recommended upper limit though the arsenic content was higher than the permissible upper limit. Conclusions: Though the plant has traditionally been used as a potent Ethnomedicinal herb to cure boils, gastritis, hepatopathy and as laxative, but no such evaluation of pharmacognostic identity and quality parameters have been done so far. This is the first report on its pharmacognostic characters and quality control issues like heavy metal accumulation and physicochemical parameters for future use as powder drug.

}, keywords = {Fluorescence characteristics, Heavy metal accumulation, M hastata (L.) solms, Pharmacognostic standardization, Traditional medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.87}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/520}, author = {Debabrata Misra and Manab Mandal and Narendra Nath Ghosh and Vivekananda Mandal} } @article {533, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies of Psychotria rubra(Lour.)Poir.}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {249-255}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {249}, abstract = {

Objective: Various traditional systems of medicine enlightened the importance of Psychotria rubra (Lour.) Poir to have a great medicinal value. The present study was carried out to provide a scientific basis of the identification and the authenticity of Psychotria rubra (Lour.) Poir with the help of pharmacognostic parameters, which is not done before. Methods: Roots, stems, and leaves of P. rubra were collected for Pharmacognostic studies involving macros, microscopic evaluation, histochemistry and physicochemical parameters analysis like Ash value, Moisture content, Fluorescence analysis and Thin Layer Chromatography et al. Results: Transverse section of root was found like stone cells, calcium oxalate crystal and vessels in circular shape. Transverse section of stem showed the presence of lenticels and stone cell bands. Transverse section of leaf vein revealed the presence of shaft type of porosity. Powder microscopy revealed the presence of cork cells, stone cells, crystals and resin, fibers, needle crystal beam, thread tracheid and scalariform tracheid. Phytochemical investigation was found like alkaloids, flavones, carbohydrates, saponins, tannins and volatile oils. Results obtained in physicochemical parameters like Total ash value, acid insoluble ash and moisture content were 9.77\%, 0.68\% and 1.28\%, respectively. The leaching degree of P. rubra was higher in ethanol(75\%, v/v) and methanol solutions than that in chloroform, petroleum ether, and tetrachloromethane solutions. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) of the extract revealed 4 spots with the Rf values 0.47, 0.46, 0.46, 0.47 with the solvent system of chloroform: methanol: water: formic acid(7:3:1:0.1). Conclusion: The observations confirmed that P. rubra has an obvious Pharmacognostic characteristics, which will be useful towards providing a reliable basis for identification, purity, quality and classification of the plant.

}, keywords = {Histochemistry, Identification, Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Poir, Psychotria rubra(Lour.)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.44}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/474}, author = {Gengqiu Tang and Xiaojing Lin and Xiudi Lai and Xue Gong and Shengguo Ji} } @article {711, title = {Pharmacognostical Study of Ixora coccinea Flower}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1042-1046}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1042}, abstract = {

Introduction: The medicinal values of Ixora coccinea Linn. (Raktaka) has been recorded since ancient times. It belongs to family Rubiaceae. The roots and leaves are used in treating various ailments. The flower too has therapeutic potentials. Although the flowers are used as medicine by traditional healers it is not known too many. The current study is carried out to provide scientific details in the identification and the authenticity of I. coccinea Linn. floral parts with the help of pharmacognostical standards. Methods: Pharmacognosy of Ixora coccinea flower parts was carried out by macroscopy, microscopy, histochemistry, powder study, proximate analysis and preliminary phytochemical studies. Results: The macroscopic detail of the flower is calyx persistent; corolla scarlet orange with long corolla tube; the stamen alternipetalous and gynoecium bicarpellary with basal placentation. The transverse section of flower passing through corolla, corolla tube, calyx and ovary showed the presence of unicellular trichomes, cells of anthocyanin pigments, oil globules, calcium oxalate crystals and paracytic stomata. Powder microscopy showed the presence of oil globules, calcium oxalate crystals, anthocyanin pigments, starch grains, unicellular trichomes, stomata, vessels etc. Physicochemical studies revealed total ash (3.1\%), acid insoluble ash (0.2\%), water soluble ash (1.25\%), alcohol soluble extractive value (11.25\%) and water soluble extractive value (12\%) respectively. Histochemistry and Preliminary phytochemical screening goes concurrent with the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, etc. Conclusion: The observations confirmed that in Ixora coccinea each floral whorl has its diagnostic characters. These will help in identification, authenticity and to put forth the pharmacopoeial standards of the said plant.

}, keywords = {Flower, Ixora coccinea, Pharmacognosy, Pharmacopeia, Raktaka, Rubiaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.176}, author = {Bindu Gopalkrishnan and Roy Chiranjeev} } @article {765, title = {Pharmacological Evaluation of Bacopa monnieri Extract against Depressive like Behavior Induced by Ethanol Withdrawal in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s48-s53}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s48}, abstract = {

Background: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome lead to relapse to alcohol use and depression is the most common symptom of withdrawal. Bacopa monnieri is a traditional memory enhancer and has reported antidepressant properties as well. Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of Bacopa monnieri extract in alcohol withdrawal depressive-like behavior in alcohol-dependent rats. Methods: Plant drug was extracted with ethanol (70\% v/v) using soxhlet extraction. Ethanol 7.2\%, v/v was given to the rats in a liquid diet for 21 days and then was withdrawn from the diet and animals were observed at 6th and 24th h for withdrawal signs like depressive behavior and locomotor hyperactivity. Results: The phytochemical testing of extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and tannins. Bacopa monnieri extract (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, oral) and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg i.p) treatment at the 6th and 24th h of ethanol withdrawal produced the significant (p\<0.001) decrease in the immobility time as compared to the disease control rats when tested on forced swim test and tail suspension test. Bacopa monnieri extract and fluoxetine treatment produced significant (p\<0.001) inhibitory effects on locomotor hyperactivity as well. Histopathological examination did not show any remarkable pathological and microscopic changes. Conclusion: Findings from the present study showed that Bacopa monnieri extract treatment has beneficial effects on ethanol withdrawal depressive-like behavior in rats.

}, keywords = {Bacopa monnieri, Depression, Ethanol withdrawal syndrome, Histopathology, Locomotor hyperactivity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.9}, author = {Lalit Sharma and Aditi Sharma and Girdhari Lal Gupta and Gopal Singh Bisht} } @article {477, title = {Phytochemical Analysis of Nigella sativa L. Utilizing GC-MS Exploring its Antimicrobial Effects against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {99-105}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {99}, abstract = {

Introduction: The alarming increase in bacterial strains resistant to existing antimicrobial agents has demanded alternative strategies. Medicinal plants are now considered as an alternative treatment because of their secure choice in several diseases. Among them, Nigella sativa is a promising traditional herb having rich medical background. The aim of the study is to perform phytochemical analysis of Nigella sativa L. Utilizing Gas chromatographic\–mass spectrometric (GC/MS) exploring its antioxidant and antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant (MDR) gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Methods: Total phenolic, tannin, and flavonoid content of N. sativa seed extracts and its commercially available oil were determined. Their radical scavenging activity using DPPH was also tested. The antibacterial activity of N. sativa seed extracts and its oil against MDR gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains was studied using disc diffusion test and the biofilm formation assay. GC-MS studies were also performed. Results: Among the different preparations used, N. sativa oil showed the highest antioxidant and antibacterial activity against highly resistant gram-positive bacteria with the greatest suppression of biofilm formation, which was attributed to its high bioactive contents. Conclusion: This study indicates that N. sativa extracts and its oils can be used as natural antibacterial agents to treat infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidant, GC-MS analysis, Multidrug resistant bacteria, Nigella sativa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.18}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/404}, author = {Fatima A. Saleh and Nada El-Darra and Karim Raafat and Iman El Ghazzawi} } @article {598, title = {Purified Anthocyanin from in vitro Culture of Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng. Capable of Inhibiting the Growth of Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {559-566}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {559}, abstract = {

The present study aims in vitro cell suspension culture of Bridelia retusa, isolation of anthocyanin, purification, fractionation and its anti-metastatic potential against oral squamous carcinoma cells. Experimental results reveal that 2, 4-D either alone or in combination with kinetin supplemented in MS medium showed significant initiation of callus from leaf explants than stem. Growth hormones, pH, light, and carbon source influence anthocyanin synthesis. Maximum callus induction was noticed with 2.5 mg/L N6-benzyladenine (BA) + 2 mg/L 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) (98.9\%). Fresh and dry weight of the calli were i.e., 1.9 \± 0.04 and 0.45 \± 0. 03 g respectively. Optimal response was seen with light on MS medium contain 4\% glucose + 2.5 mg/L BA and 2 mg/L 2, 4-D at pH 3.5 yielded 2.8 mg /g of anthocyanins. Suspension culture medium fortified with 2, 4-D (2.5 mg/L) + BA (2 mg/L) at pH 5.0 induced anthocyanin production at pH 4.4 \– 4.6. HCl-ethanol extraction for 90 min yielded the maximum anthocyanin content. Fractionation of anthocyanin using HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry revealed 07 fractions such as acylated cyanidins, two peonidins, cyanidin 3-p-coumaroyl and feruloyl diglucoside-5-glucosides. In the search of novel therapeutic drugs against cancer, cytotoxicity effect of B.retusa anthocyanin extracts on human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC4, SCC9 and SCC25) cells using cell adhesion and cell viability assay was carried. The morphological alterations in SCCs cells after treatment with B.retusa anthocyanin includes nuclear condensation, fragmentation and apoptotic cells as revealed by Hoechst stain. Flow cytometry showed arresting of SCC25 cells mostly in the G0/G1 and S-G2/M stages with a concomitant up regulation of sub-G1 fraction, indicating cell death by apoptosis. Apoptosis was further substantiated by the activation of caspase-3 expression in the SCC25 cells treated with B.retusa anthocyanin. Thus, it is possible to suggest that B.retusa anthocyanin cause apoptosis of SCCs and warrant further investigation using animal models.

}, keywords = {Anthocyanin, Anti-metastatic potential, Apoptosis, Bridelia retusa, Cell suspension, in vitro culture, Purification}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.91}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/524}, author = {Aswathy Jayasree Madanakumar and Bosco Lawarence and Manoj GS and Murugan Kumaraswamy} } @article {595, title = {Repairing Effects of Aqueous Extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lmk) Pers. on Lupus Nephritis Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {548-552}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {548}, abstract = {

Kalanchoe pinnata (Lmk) Pers (KP) has an immunosuppressive effect on delayed-type hypersensitivity test. Based on it, this research aimed to determine the repairing effects of aqueous extract of KP on lupus nephritis mice and identified its active compound. The KP extract profile was determined using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS instrument. We examined six mice groups consisting of three curative treatment groups, one standard group receiving prednisone, one preventive group receiving KP extract, and one healthy (healthy and untreated) group. At the end of the experiment, we measured the proteinuria and renal histology parameters. To recognize the active compound in the KP profile, we performed in silico assays for the flavonoid compounds to bind to the glucocorticoid receptor. We played in silico tests for the flavonoid compounds to identify the active compound in the KP profile. We found the repairing effect of KP was detected in the kidney, demonstrated by its low proteinuria level and its better tissue structure. In the curative group, the urine protein level and its glomerular inflammation decreased. In the preventive group, the aqueous extract of KP could prevent lupus nephritis manifestations in the kidney. Bryophyllin A is the most active compound of the KP. However, further research is needed to understand the mechanism involved. We conclude, the aqueous extract, especially its bryophyllin A, have beneficial effects in repairing the function and tissue structure of lupus manifestations in mice kidney.

}, keywords = {Docking, Glomerulonephritis, Inflammation, Lupus, Proteinuria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.89}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/522}, author = {Niken Indriyanti and Afrillia Nuryanti Garmana and Finna Setiawan} } @article {636, title = {A Review on Himalayan Pine Species: Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Aspects}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {611-619}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {611}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ever since ancient times, medicinal plants recognized as major source of therapeutics, as rescue for human diseases and maintain health. There is an exponential increase in usage of green medicines due to less cost and fewer side effects. The family Pinaceae, is largest conifer in species diversity. Pinus is the largest genus of monoecious, resiniferous, evergreen trees commonly known as Pines. Three species of pines occur wild in Indian Himalayas Pinus roxburghii, Pinus wallichiana , Pinus gerardiana. In addition, the constituents present in these plants are beneficial for the purpose of treatment of various ailments. Methods: Information was collected from scientific journals, books, and reports via electronic search tools( Medline, Pubmed etc.) Results: This review summarizes the existing information on three species of Pinus in relation to their pharmacognostic properties, phytochemistry, ethanopharmacology and pharmacological activities.

}, keywords = {Ethanopharmacology, Himalayas, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pinus, Pinus gerardiana, Pinus roxburghii, Pinus wallichina}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.100}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/678}, author = {Aditi Sharma and Lalit Sharma and Rohit Goyal} } @article {491, title = {Simultaneous Quantification of Bioactive Triterpene acids (Ursolic acid and Oleanolic acid) in Different Extracts of Eucalyptus globulus (L) by HPTLC Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {179-185}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {179}, abstract = {

Objective: To develop a novel analytical method for simultaneous determination of two triterpenic acids by high-performance thin layer chromatography in methanol and dichloromethane extracts of Eucalyptus globulus leaf. Ursolic acid was also isolated from Eucalyptus globulus leaf. Materials and Methods: Two triterpenic acids (ursolic and oleanolic acid) were extracted using methanol and dichloromethane as the extraction solvents. Study for total triterpenoids present in Eucalyptus globulus leaves was carried out which shows considerable amount of terpenoids present. Because of the similarity of chemical structure, the prechromatographic derivatization was necessary to separate these triterpenic acids. The samples were treated by 1\% iodine solution in chloroform directly on the chromatographic plate and developed with the mobile phase consisting of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and acetone (7.8:2.2:0.1, v/v/v). After drying, the plates were sprayed with 10\% (v/v) ethanol solution of sulfuric acid and heated to 120 \°C for 3 min. Quantification was performed in absorbance/transmittance mode at a wavelength of 345 nm. The developed HPTLC method was validated for linearity, precision and accuracy. Results: Correlation coefficient (r2 \> 0.99), R.S.D. values, detection limits as well as recovery values were found to be satisfactory. Ursolic acid was isolated from E. globulus leaves. The identification of isolated ursolic acid was done on the basis of Rf value (0.26) for HPTLC and peak interpretation for FT-IR. Conclusion: The method has been successfully applied in the analysis of both triterpenic acids in medicinal herbs.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Iodine derivatization, Oleanolic acid, Triterpenes, Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.30}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/416}, author = {Arti Gupta and Pooja Maheta and Renu Chauhan and Sonia Pandey and Jitendra Singh Yadav and Shailesh Shah} } @article {739, title = {Withaferin A attenuates Alcohol Abstinence Signs in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1190-1195}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1190}, abstract = {

Background: Withania somnifera (WS) have been reported to inhibit acquisition and expression conditioned place preference, self-administration and withdrawal anxiety of psychostimulants. In the present work, we have assessed the effect of withaferin A on somatic and affective symptoms of ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats. Methods: Animals had given free access to ethanol uninterrupted for 21 days through liquid diet. Withaferin A (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) was injected (ip) either during the development of ethanol dependence phase (days 15 \– 21 or 30 min before ethanol withdrawal assessment. Withdrawal signs characterized by changes in somatic signs were measured in the open field followed by evaluation of anxiety parameters, locomotion, and depressive behavior. Results: Withaferin A treatment 30 min before 24 h postethanol withdrawal assessment did not alter the scores of somatic behavioral signs in ethanol abstinence animals. However, withaferin A (10 and 20 mg/kg, ip) from day 15-21 prevented the ethanol withdrawal-induced elevated scores of somatic behaviors, hyperlocomotion, depressive behavior, and anxiety. Withaferin A treatment did not influence the blood ethanol levels in dependent and withdrawn animals. However, withaferin A administration attenuated the elevated plasma corticosterone and ACTH levels in ethanol-withdrawn rats, suggesting withaferin A induced anti-stress effect and stabilization of HPA axis activity could have facilitated the inhibitory effect of withaferin A on ethanol withdrawal syndrome. Conclusion: The finding supports further investigation of withaferin A and other bioactive components of WS in alcohol addiction.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Corticosterone, Ethanol withdrawal, HPA axis, Withaferin A.}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.204}, author = {Nandkishor Ramdas Kotagale and Ankit Kedia and Rupali Gite and Shubham Nilkanth Rahmatkar and Dinesh Yugraj Gawande and Milind Janraoji Umekar and Brijesh Gulabrao Taksande} } @article {599, title = {Yoga Research a Scientometric Assessment of Global Publications Output during 2007-16}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {394-402}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {394}, abstract = {

The paper examines 3966 global publications on yoga research, as covered in Scopus database during 2007-16. The global output on yoga research output registered 7.79\% growth, and citation impact averaging to 10.44 citations per paper. The top 10 most productive countries in yoga research individually contributed global share from 1.31\% to 38.35\%, with largest global publication share coming from USA (38.35\%), followed by India (19.29\%), U.K. (6.61\%), Canada (5.09\%), etc. Together, the 10 most productive countries accounted for 83.74\% and 96.67\% global publication and global citation share during 2007-16. Five of top 10 countries scored relative citation index above the world average i.e. more than 1: Canada (1.81), USA (1.37), Germany (1.34), U.K. (1.31) and Italy (1.12) during 2007-16. The international collaborative publications share of top 10 most productive countries in yoga research varied from 12.68\% to 42.59\% during 2007-16. Medicine, among subjects, contributed the largest publication share (78.67\%), followed by 9 other subjects with global share between 5.09\% and 9.56\%. The top 25 most productive organizations and authors together contributed 21.63\% and 16.84\% respectively as their global publication share and 35.37\% and 25.10\% respectively as their global citation share during 2007-16. Among the total journal output of 3719 papers, the top 15 journals contributed 21.22\% share to the global journal output during 2007-16. Of the global yoga research output, the top 44 publications registered high citations from 101 to 1092 and they together cumulated 8304 citations, averaging to 188.72 citations per paper. These 44 highly cited papers were published in 35 journals, 5 papers were published in Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online), 2 papers each in Annals of Internal Medicine, Integrative Cancer Therapies, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine and Pain and 1 paper each in other journals.

}, keywords = {Bibliometrics, Global publications, Medical diseases, Scientometrics, Yoga research}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.65}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/497}, author = {BM Gupta and KK Mueen Ahmed and SM Dhawan and Ritu Gupta} } @article {236, title = {Anti-HIV Activity of Phytosterol Isolated from Aerva lanata Roots}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2016}, pages = {112-116}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {112}, abstract = {

Background: AIDS in humans, which is caused by the HIV remains among the leading causes of death worldwide. Objective: The study was undertaken to investigate the HIV-RT inhibitory activity of Phytotesrols extracted from roots of Aerva lanata. Methodology: Sequential maceration method was performed for preparation of extracts using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol solvents. RetroSys HIV-1 RT (Innovagen, Sweden) kit was used to determine the HIV-RT inhibitory activity of all solvents extracts. Results \& Discussion:\ All extracts showed significant inhibitory activity. Chloroform extracts shows highest inhibition of recombinant HIV-RT (89.0\%) at 2 and mg/ml concentration. Phytosterols isolated from chloroform extracts. These results were remarkable and can be used to develop a new drug for HIV treatment or other infectious diseases caused by the pathogenic micro-organisms, for which plant sterols may play a distinctive role. Conclusion: Further work is in progress to evaluate the advanced spectroscopic studies are required for the structural elucidation, identification and characterization of the active compound from this plant.

}, keywords = {Aerva lanata, Characterization, HIV-1, Phytosterols, Reverse transcriptase, Structural elucidation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.19}, author = {Rajendra Prasad Gujjeti and Estari Mamidala} } @article {338, title = {Antimicrobial, Analgesic and Anti - Inflammatory Activity Reported on Tamarindus indica Linn Root Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {410-416}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {410}, abstract = {

Objective: Tamarindus indica (Family- Fabaceae) show various folkloric uses in treatment of various ailments such as rheumatisum, dysentery, jaundice etc. Aim: The research was conducted to investigate its phytoconstituients and various activity such as antimicrobial, analgesic \& anti-inflammatary of AETIRE. Method: The antimicrobial activity was performed on 4 bacterial stains containing (B.subtilis, S.aureus, P. aeruginosa \& E.coli) on AETIRE using Disc diffusion method. The Analgesic activity was tested by thermal and chemical induced pain through Hot plate and AAIWT. And carrageenan induced rat paw oedema model is used to evaluate antiinflammatory activity. Result: Phytoconstituients such as tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and carbohydrates present in both the extract. The maximum zone of inhibition of about 21mm \& 22mm was shown on B.subtilis strain by both the extract when compared with standard drug (Tetracycline \& Gentamycin). In AAIWT and hot plate test the AETIRE of concentration (100, 200 mg/kg) produce significant dose-dependent inhibition of pain response with maximum 54.33\% protection against acetic acid induced pain and about 74.83\% inhibition against thermally induced pain by the aqueous extract 200mg. \& the anti- inflammatory activity shown by AETIRE (100 \& 200mg/kg) caused significant dose dependent inhibition of oedema with maximum 45.94\% inhibition in the Carrageenan induced rat paw oedema by the AE. Conclusion: Therefore the AE of Tamarindus indica root was more effective in showing analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity when compared to the standard drug in each model while ethanol extract show effective antimicrobial activity.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Anti- inflammatory activity, Antimicrobial, Fabaceae, Tamarindus indica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.70}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.70}, author = {Sangeeta Gupta and Amit Singh} } @article {460, title = {Aristolochia bracteolata Enhances Wound Healing in vitro through Anti-inflammatory and Proliferative Effect on Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s129-s136}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s129}, abstract = {

Objective: In the present study, we examined the effect of Aristolochia bracteolata extract on Human dermal fibroblast (HDF) and Human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) proliferation and migration during in vitro wound healing and its underlying mechanism. Method: A. bracteolata was collected and extracted using methanol. Cytotoxiciy effect of plant extract was determined by MTT assay in HDF and HaCaT. In vitro Scratch assay determined the effect of plant extracts on migration of cells and its underlying mechanism was determined by RT-PCR analysis. Result: The plant extract of A. bracteolata selectively inhibited proliferation of both the cells at higher concentration (\>100 \μg/mL) and at lower concentrations (\<25 \μg/mL), it exhibited linear and dose-dependent cell proliferation. IC50 value was 87.60\±1.67 \μg/mL for HDF and 85.50\±1.65 \μg/mL after 24 h treatment. In vitro scratch wound healing studies showed wound closure of 50.38\%\±1.39 and 69.81\%\±1.89 at a concentration of 25 \μg/mL after 24 h and 48 h, respectively. The extract was tested for anti-inflammatory activity by determination of inhibitory activity on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cell lines. We found that A. bracteolata has a strong inhibitory effect on the production of NO and tumor necrosis factor-\α (TNF-\α). The plant extract of A. bracteolata inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To explore the mechanism responsible for the inhibition of iNOS, gene expression was analyzed by Real- Time PCR. A. bracteolata showed a decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment with the plant extract resulted in enhanced expression of Collagen 1 a (I) and Collagen IV in HDFs by regulating the mRNA levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and Matrix metalloproteinase-2. Conclusion: Thus, the present investigation scientifically validates the use of A. bracteolata in wound healing.

}, keywords = {A. bracteolata, Fibroblast, Keratinocytes, RAW 264.7, Scratch assay, Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.169}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/394}, author = {Dinesh Murugan Girija and Mangathayaru Kalachaveedu and Rajasekaran Subbarayan and Preethi Jenifer and Suresh Ranga Rao} } @article {253, title = {Comparative Antimicrobial Study of Ethanolic Extract of Leaf and Rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {208-212}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

Introduction: Curcuma longa L., botanically related to ginger belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. It is extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha medicine as a home remedy for various diseases. Aim: The present study is to compare the antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extracts from rhizome and leaf of Curcuma longa Linn. Method: In vitro disc diffusion method and serial dilution method has been used to determine the antimicrobial potency against various bacterial pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis by comparing the zone of inhibition shown by both the test extracts at different concentration (25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml, 300 mg/ml) and there MIC value has been evaluated. Ethanol and Ampicillin were used as negative and positive control for the study. Result: The leaf and rhizome extract showed maximum zone of inhibition at 300 mg/ml concentration, which was about 7.6 mm and 8 mm on the bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa and least effectiveness for other bacterial strain such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The recorded MIC value was at 6.25 mg/ml which showed 3.991\% inhibition for rhizome extract and 3.129\% inhibition for leaf extract. Conclusion: The rhizome extract was found to be more potent antimicrobial agent than the leaf extract and can be used in future studies.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, antimicrobial agent, Bacterial stain, Curcuma longa L, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Turmeric}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.35}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/302}, author = {Nikhil Singh and Sangeeta Gupta and Vaibhav Rathore} } @article {341, title = {Effects of Rainfall on the Antimicrobial Activity and Secondary Metabolites Contents of Leaves and Fruits of Anadenanthera colubrina from Caatinga Area.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {435-440}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {435}, abstract = {

Background: Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var. cebil (Griseb) is a plant widely used for medicinal proposes in Brazilian Northeast. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the influence of rainfall indexes (RI) in antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of extracts from leaves and fruits of A. colubrina. Material and Methods: Samples were collected in Catimbau National Park (Bu\íque, Pernambuco, Brazil) at September 2010 (RI: 75 mm) and January (RI: 65 mm), April (RI: 162 mm) and June 2011 (RI: 73 mm). The extracts were prepared by Soxhlet extraction using cyclohexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. The antimicrobial activity was determined by MIC and MBC values. Results: All extracts showed antimicrobial activity, but ethyl acetate extracts (from all periods) were more active. Strong correlations were found between the RI and the average MIC of MLE (\ρ: -0.99), EALE (\ρ: -0.81), CHFE (\ρ: -0.81), EAFE (\ρ: -0.80); while moderate and weak correlations were found for other extracts. Through a HPLC analysis was possible to reveal that the samples collected from dry periods had more chemical diversity (as they presented more peaks). Gallic acid and quercetin (and derivative compounds) were identified. The levels of quercetin were enhanced in extracts from dry months. Conclusion: Our results showed that the rainfall has a positive effect on the antimicrobial activity of leaves and fruits of A. colubrina, however these extracts showed more chemical diversity during dry months.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial agents, Medicinal plants, Natural products, Semi arid area}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.73}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.73}, author = {Daniel Rodrigo Cavalcante de Ara{\'u}jo and Lu{\'\i}s Cl{\'a}udio Nascimento da Silva and Wolfgang Harand and J{\'u}lia Morais Fernandes and Thaciane da Cunha Soares and Silvana Maria Zucolotto Langassner and Raquel Brandt Giordani and Rafael Matos Ximenes and Alexandre Gomes da Silva and M{\'a}rcia Vanusa da Silva and Maria Tereza dos Santos Correia} } @article {427, title = {Evaluation of in vitro Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity of Simarouba glauca Leaf Extracts on T-24 Bladder Cancer Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {906-912}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {906}, abstract = {

Objective: Screening of preliminary phytochemicals, evaluation of in vitro antioxidant and in vitro anticancer activities of Simarouba glauca leaf extracts on T-24 Bladder cancer cell line. Materials and Methods: Herbal extraction was carried out by Soxhlet method using chloroform, ethylacetate, methanol, ethanol, aqueous and hydroalcohol. Phytochemical investigation was done using biochemical tests. Total phenolic content was estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) method. Antioxidant potential of leaf extracts was analyzed by Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, Phosphomolybdenum (PM) assay and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. In vitro anticancer activity on T-24 bladder cancer cell line was assessed by MTT assay. Statistical analysis used: Statistical analysis of data was performed by analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and level of statistical significance between groups was carried out using GraphPad Prism version 5.0 for Windows (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of rich secondary metabolite present in all the solvent extracts. Hydroalcoholic extract showed highest presence of phenolic content (92.38\±0.29 mg/g) GAE. Ethanol and methanol extract showed highest antioxidant capacity in DPPH, FRAP and PM assay as compared to the other extracts based on the test performed. The results confirmed that ethanol extract significantly (p\<0.05) inhibited T-24 cell line with IC50 value (533.55\±25.02 \μg/mL) as compared to standard drug doxorubicin (0.16\μM/mL). Conclusions: The results of the present findings strengthen the potential property of Simarouba glauca as a resource for the discovery of novel antioxidant and anticancer agents.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant; Anticancer; Bladder Cancer; Phytochemical; Simarouba glauca.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.142}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/195}, author = {Sridevi I Puranik and Shridhar C Ghagane and Rajendra B Nerli and Sunil S Jalalpure and Murigendra B. Hiremath} } @article {431, title = {Extracellular L-Asparaginase from Streptomyces labedae VSM-6: Isolation, Production and Optimization of Culture Conditions Using RSM}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {932-941}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {932}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study was intended to isolate actinomycetes VSM-6 from deep sea sediment samples of Bay of Bengal that is potent to produce L - asparaginase. Materials and Methods: The identification of the isolate was executed by polyphasic taxonomy. Optimization was carried out one factor at a time (O-F-A-T) for the production of the L - asparaginase. RSM was pledged to optimize the L - asparaginase production by S.labedae VSM-6. Central composite design was applied to study the influence of the variables and their interactive effects on the production of L - asparaginase. Unstructured Kinetic modelling for L - asparaginase production was adopted using Leudeking-Piret (LILP) and Logistic Incorporated Modified Leudeking-Piret (LIMLP) models. Results: Optimization using One-Factor-At-A-time registered a turnout of 8.92 IU/ml of L - asparaginase production. But results obtained from the statistical design are in agreement with the experimental results. The model followed the second order polynomial equation and the model adequacy was determined by the P value (\<0.0001), Coefficient determination (R2) with a value of 0.9942 and the adjusted R2 = 0.9087 which determines that the model was significant. The experimental values are in compliance with the model anticipated values and catalogued an escalation in yield of L - asparaginase (10.17 IU/ml) by RSM. Unstructured Kinetic modelling for L - asparaginase production adopting Leudeking-Piret (LILP) and Logistic Incorporated Modified Leudeking-Piret (LIMLP) models showed L - asparaginase production of (10.17 IU/ml), closer to model anticipated value (10.23 IU/ml) so unstructured models provided a better approximation for L - asparaginase production by S.labedae VSM-6. Conclusion: From our study we have reported for the first time the production of L - asparaginase from S.labedae VSM-6 using central composite design and kinetic modelling.

}, keywords = {Central Composite Design, Kinetic Modelling, L - asparaginase, Optimization, Response Surface Methodology, Statistical Analysis., Streptomyces labedae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.146}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/199}, author = {Ushakiranamayi Mangamuri and Muvva Vijayalakshmi and Venkat Siva Rama Krishna Ganduri and Satish Babu Rajulapati and Sudhakar Poda} } @article {451, title = {Formulation Development and Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Potential of Cordia obliqua Topical Gel on Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s93-s98}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s93}, abstract = {

Background: The plants of genus Cordia has been used in traditional medicine for many diseases from history. Cordia obliqua Willd. is also a medicinally important plant and it has been proved by modern scientific research. Objective: This study is aimed to formulate and characterize a topical gel from Cordia obliqua leaf methanol extract and evaluate its effect on carrageenan induced rat paw edema. Materials and Methods: The methanol extract was prepared by successive solvent extraction using soxhlet apparatus. Topical gel was designed to prepare by Dispersion method using Carbopol 940 as polymer. The various gel characteristics was studied by standard procedures like Homogeneity, grittiness, extrudability, drug content, spread ability and in-vitro diffusion study. The anti-inflammatory potential of gel was evaluated by Carrageenan induced rat paw edema method in comparison with standard Diclofenac Sodium gel 1\% on Albino rats. Results: The herbal gel was found homogeneous with good extrudability, no grittiness, pH 6.79 and drug content 93.167\%. The anti-inflammatory activity of herbal gel was found comparable with standard Diclofenac Sodium gel and has shown 82.71\% edema inhibition after 4 h of treatment. Conclusion: Cordia obliqua gel was found suitable as a standard topical gel formulation and it can be used safely for treatment of edema.

}, keywords = {Carbopol 940, Carrageenan induced edema, Cordia, in-vitro diffusion, Topical gel}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.163}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/388}, author = {Richa Gupta and Ghanshyam Das Gupta} } @article {371, title = {GC-MS analysis of Tasmannia lanceolata Extracts which Inhibit the Growth of the Pathogenic Bacterium Clostridium perfringens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {626-637}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {626}, abstract = {

Introduction: Clostridium perfringens is the etiological agent of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. Infections result in exotoxin production, tissue necrosis and unless promptly treated, often result in death. Methods: Tasmannia lanceolata extracts were investigated for C. perfringens growth inhibitory activity by disc diffusion analysis and MIC determination. Toxicity was evaluated by Artemia nauplii bioassay and the most potent extracts were phytochemically evaluated by GC-MS headspace analysis. Results: All T. lanceolata berry and leaf extracts displayed potent C. perfringens growth inhibition. The berry extracts were more potent growth inhibitors than the corresponding leaf extracts, although the leaf extracts were also potent growth inhibitors. The berry aqueous, methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 654, 65 and 329 \μg/mL respectively. T. lanceolata leaf also displayed good efficacy, with an MIC of 839, 1255 and 625 \μg/mL for the aqueous, methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts respectively. All extracts were nontoxic in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially \> 1000 \μg/mL. Non-biased GC-MS analysis of the aqueous, methanolic and ethyl acetate berry extracts revealed the presence of high relative levels of a diversity of terpenoids. Conclusions: The lack of toxicity of the T. lanceolata extracts and their potent growth inhibitory bioactivity against C. perfringens indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. GC-MS metabolomic profiling studies indicate that these extracts contained a diversity of terpenoids, with monoterpenoids being particularly abundant.

}, keywords = {Enteritis necroticans, Gas gangrene, Myonecrosis, Tasmannia Lanceolata, Winteraceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.100}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.100/index.html}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Cameron Jay Lee and Megan Sarah Jean Arnold and Joseph Shalom and Alan White and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {230, title = {GC-MS headspace analysis of Terminalia ferdinandiana fruit and leaf extracts which inhibit Bacillus anthracis growth}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {73-82}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Background: Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) is an endemic Australian plant with an extremely high antioxidant capacity. The fruit has long been used by the first Australians as a nutritional food and as a medicine and recent studies have reported its potent growth inhibitory activity against a broad panel of bacteria. Despite this, T. ferdinandiana extracts are yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. Materials and Methods: Solvent extracts were prepared using both the fruit and leaf of Kakadu plum. The ability to inhibit the growth of B. anthracis was investigated using a disc diffusion assay. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. The most potent extracts were investigated using non-targeted GC-MS head space analysis (with screening against a compound database) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in the crude plant extracts. Results: Solvent extractions of T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf displayed good growth inhibitory activity in the disc diffusion assay against B. anthracis. Fruit ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 451 and 377\μg/mL respectively. The fruit methanolic and chloroform extracts, as well as the aqueous leaf extracts also were good inhibitors of B. anthracis growth, albeit with lower efficacy (MIC values of 1800 and 1414 \μg/mL respectively).The aqueous fruit extract and leaf chloroform extracts had only low inhibitory activity. All other extracts were completely devoid of growth inhibitory activity. Furthermore, all of the extracts with growth inhibitory activity were nontoxic in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay, with LC50 values \>1000 \μg/mL. Non-biased GC-MS phytochemical analysis of the most active extracts (fruit ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf) putatively identified and highlighted several compounds that may contribute to the ability of these extracts to inhibit the growth of B. anthracis. Conclusions: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana fruit ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf extracts, as well as their potent growth inhibitory bioactivity against B. anthracis, indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of anthrax.

}, keywords = {Anthrax, Bacillus anthracis, Combretastatin, Kakadu plum, Metabolomics., stilbene, Tannin, Zoonotic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.14}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Joseph Sirdaarta and Alan White and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {360, title = {In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Alkaloids Isolated from Leaves of Eclipta alba Against Human Pathogenic Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {573-577}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {573}, abstract = {

The susceptibility of five human pathogenic bacterial species to an alkaloids isolated from the leaves of this plant was screened using the agar well diffusion and broth micro-dilution assay. The purity of isolated alkaloids was checked by TLC and qualitative phytochemical analysis and total alkaloids were quantified. In the present study, the inhibitory action of the alkaloid was found to increase with an increase in concentration against all bacterial strains. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed at the concentration of 500 \μg/ml against all the bacteria. In this study, the S. aureus and E. coli are the more susceptible than the other selected human pathogenic bacteria. Based on the observations, E. alba appears to be a valuable source for antimicrobial properties and helps to produce antimicrobial agents to treat human pathogenic infections. Context: Different parts of Eclipta alba crude extracts are used traditionally for the treatment of several diseases of liver, skin and stomach. Aims: To study the in vitro antimicrobial activity of alkaloids isolated from E. alba against human pathogenic bacteria. Settings and Design: The susceptibility of five human pathogenic bacterial species to an alkaloids isolated from the leaves of this plant was screened using the agar well diffusion and broth micro-dilution assay. Methods and Material: The purity of isolated alkaloids was checked by TLC and qualitative phytochemical analysis and total alkaloids were quantified. Agar-well diffusion and Broth micro-dilution methods were selected to assess the antimicrobial activity. Statistical analysis used: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine statistical significance. Results: In the present study, the inhibitory action of the alkaloid was found to increase with an increase in concentration against all bacterial strains. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed at the concentration of 500 \μg/ml against all the bacteria. In this study, the S. aureus and E. coli are the more susceptible than the other selected human pathogenic bacteria. Conclusion: Based on the observations, E. alba appears to be a valuable source for antimicrobial properties and helps to produce antimicrobial agents to treat human pathogenic infections.

}, keywords = {Agarwell diffusion, Alkaloid, Antimicrobial activity, Broth micro-dilution assay., Eclipta alba, Human pathogenic bacteria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.91}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.91}, author = {Swapna Gurrapu and Estari Mamidala} } @article {249, title = {Investigation of cytotoxicity induced by Nigella sativa and Azadirachta indica using MDA-MB-231, HCT 116 and SHSY5Y cell lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {192-195}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {192}, abstract = {

Background: Indian herbal plants are widely used as medicine in the ancient ayurvedic and culinary purposes. Nigella sativa that also called as in black cumin is a flowering plant in the family ranunculiceae that is native to Southeast Asia. More recently Nigella sativa is also been used as anti cancer drug and protective agent against gamma radiation induced adverse effects in cell lines. Azadirachta indica commonly called as neem, is a tree belonging to mahogany family meliaceae. Azadirachta indica is also a traditional medicinal plant that used from a very long time in Indian ayurvedic and it is also been reported to have many beneficial effects including but not limited to anti-cancer and anti-diabetic effects. Objective: Find the IC50 values of Nigella sativa and Azadirachta indica ethanolic extracts in MDA-MB-231, HCT 116 and SHSY5Y cell lines. Methods: In this study we selected two cancerous cell lines (MDA-MB-231, HCT 116) and one neuronal cell line (SHSY5Y) and studied the effect of the two plant extracts namely Nigella sativa and Azadirachta indica on the cell metabolic activity. Results: This study revealed that cancerous cell lines are more prone to the plant extracts than the neuronal cell lines. These results suggest positive clues on how such medicinal plant extracts act against cancerous cells alone while affecting the normal cells to a limited extent. However, further studies are required to find if this effect is due to cytotoxicity, cytostaticity, or anti-adhesive property.

}, keywords = {Ayurvedic medicine, Cancer cells, Herbal plants, Neuronal cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.31}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/298}, author = {Sayani Banerjee and Shefali Pandey and Purbasha Mukherjee and Afia Sayeed and Apoorva Vasant Pandurangi and Shinomol George and Sahabudeen Sheik Mohideen} } @article {438, title = {Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.: Fr.) Murr. as Food as Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s1-s15}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {s1}, abstract = {

Laetiporus sulphureus is a sulphur yellow coloured polyporous mushroom and popularly known as \“chicken of the woods\”. Over the generations, this cosmopolitan macrofungus has become an integral part of tribal cuisines particularly for its taste. Besides, it has equal importance in folk medicine being widely used for treatment of pyretic diseases, coughs, gastric cancer and rheumatism. Thus, the species is considered as a natural reservoir of both nourishment as well as drug therapy and consequently it has become increasingly popular in scientific world. Nutritional sciences recently have witnessed it as a sustainable food supply to growing population due to enrichment of carbohydrate (trehalose\> mannitol\> fructose), protein (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine), minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper), vitamins (B, D, E), polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid) and fibre. Conversely, the mushroom has also been regarded as an abundant source of chemical compounds including phenolics, triterpenes, polysaccharides with wide range of biological activities such as antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antitumor and immunomodulation effects. Therefore, a complete summary of the research progress on this fungus is necessary for further studies and commercial exploitation. In this context, the present review attempts to congregate current knowledge on nutritional value, myco-chemistry and therapeutic potential of this culturally important species. However, investigation on bioavailability, quality control, toxicology data and clinical assessment are highly recommended for future research.

}, keywords = {Bioactive components, Commercial Importance, Ethnic Relevance, Nutritious Food, Pharmacological Effects, {\textquotedblleft}Chicken of the Woods{\textquotedblright}}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.151}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/374}, author = {Somanjana Khatua and Sandipta Ghosh and Krishnendu Acharya} } @article {375, title = {Microscopical Evaluation, Phytochemical Analysis and HPTLC Fingerprinting of Tuber of Actinoscirpus grossus (L.f.) Goetgh. \& D.A.Simpson}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {657-662}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {657}, abstract = {

Actinoscirpus grossus (L.f.) Goetgh. \& D.A.Simpson (Cyperaceae), is a Perennial with long stolons and rhizomes ending in small tubers. It is popularly known as Kasheruk in Sanskrit. The plant is traditionally used as anti-diarrheal, anti-emetic, and tonic to the liver. In order to do the detail standardization of plant macro-microscopical observation, phytochemical analysis and HPTLC Finger printing of tuber was performed according to pharmacopoeia procedure. Microscopic analysis has showed thick-walled polygonal epidermal cells of young root stalk in surface view, elongated phloem parenchyma filled with starch grains, spiral to annular vessel fragments and simple starch grains scattered all over the powder. Phytochemical analysis showed presence of carbohydrate, coumarins, flavanoids, steroid, tannin, and terpenoid. Ethanol extract of plant were fingerprinted in toluene: ethyl acetate (7:3). The developed plates were visualized in UV 254, 366, and then derivatised with vanillin sulphuric acid and scanned under UV 254 and 366 nm. These specific identities will be useful in identification and authentication of the raw drug.

}, keywords = {Ethanol Extract, HPTLC, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical analysis, Quality control, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.104}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.104/index.html}, author = {Savin Chanthala Ganapathi and Rajendra Holla and Shivaraja Shankara and Sunil Kumar Koppala Narayana and Ravi Mundugaru} } @article {435, title = {Neuroprotective Effect of Pedalium murex Linn. Leaf against Lipopolysaccharide Induced Behavioural Disorders in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {957-962}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {957}, abstract = {

Introduction: Effective treatment is necessary to minimize the neuronal damage and oxidative stress. Traditional medicines offer potent pharmacological activity with minimal side effects compared to synthetic drugs to treat such chronic disorders. There is no renowned remedy for arrest or rescuing infection or inflammation-induced brain damage. The present study was aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of ethanol extract of Pedalium murex Linn. (EEPM) leaves against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia. Methods: Neurodegeneration was induced in rats with a single intraperitoneal injection of LPS (1 mg/kg). The induced endotoxemia constantly linked with battery of behavioural tests viz., choice reaction time task (CRT), 8-arm radial maze (RAM) and water maze test (WMT). At the end of the study, rats were sacrificed, brain hippocampal region was removed and biochemical parameters were measured. Results: In WMT swimming length (cm) was increased in LPS-treated rats when compared to control animals, the swimming length (EEPM; 400 mg/kg) was found to be significant; in RAM, different doses of EEPM at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg decreased the number of errors in entry 4.00\±0.36, 4.16\±0.16and 3.33\±2.79 respectively when compared with control animals (2.66\± 0.21). EEPM at 400 mg/kg showed significant activity, in CRT apparatus increased incorrect lever pressing was observed in LPS-treated rats when compared to control animals. Incorrect lever pressing was minimized by EEPM at 400 mg/kg (43.5\±2.40). Conclusions: Our results showed that EEPM is a hopeful aspirant for hindrance of infection and inflammation induced brain damage by LPS.

}, keywords = {Behavioural studies, Learning, Memory, Neuroprotective, Oxidative stress, Pedalium murex.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.150}, author = {Swaminathan Gomathi and Rajagopal Shanmuga Sundaram and Vellaichamy Muthupandi Annapandian and Manickam Vijayabaskaran} } @article {421, title = {A Novel Approach towards Green Extraction for Glycyrrhitinic Acid by Ionic Liquid Based Microwave Assisted Extraction and Optimization through Response Surface Methodology}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {866-872}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {866}, abstract = {

Background: Extraction process plays an important role in extraction of herbal bioactive components. Ionic liquid based microwave assisted extraction (IL-MAE) has the potential to yield maximum analytes from the crude drugs in shorter time period with less solvent consumption and greater efficiency. Objective: The present study aimed to develop new protocol of Ionic Liquids based Microwave-assisted Extraction (ILs-MAE) of glycyrrhetinic acid from licorice; optimization of the protocol through RSM and comparison of IL-MAE with conventional extraction techniques like maceration and soxhlation by HPTLC. Materials and Methods: A novel ionic liquid-based microwave assisted extraction (IL-MAE) method was carried out for glycyrrhitinic acid from Glycyrrhiza glabra using ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride ([bmim]Cl) and optimized by response surface methodology. The variable microwaveassisted extraction parameters selected were concentration of [bmim]Cl, extraction time and microwave power while solid-liquid ratio and extraction temperature were kept constant. Response surface methodology was applied for developing, improving and optimizing the whole process and comparison of IL-MAE with maceration and soxhlation by HPTLC. Results: The yield of glycyrrhitinic acid was found to be 0.48 \% w/w in maceration in 7 days, 0.76 \% in soxhlation in 3 h and 2.54 \% w/w in IL-MAE in 4 min. Conclusion: IL- MAE of glycyrrhitinic acid from Glycyrrhiza glabra was proved to be better in respect of extraction efficiency, time and quantity of solvent used. Meanwhile, there was great reduction in the environmental pollution by using the green solvents/ ionic liquids (ILs), which is a great benefit to all.

}, keywords = {Glycyrrhitinic acid, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Microwave assisted extraction, Novel, Response surface methodology., [bmim]Cl}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.136}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/189}, author = {Meenu Bhan and Saurabh Satija and Chanchal Garg and Harish Dureja and Munish Garg} } @article {453, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Determination of Secondary Plant Metabolites by HPTLC and its Antioxidant Activity in Myrica esculenta}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s103-s106}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s103}, abstract = {

Introduction: Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. (Myricaceae) is commonly known as Box Berry, Kaiphal, and Katphala in Ayurveda. As per the Ayurvedic literature the palnt is used for variety of diseases and disorders. Method: The present study deals with the pharmacognostical standardization, HPTLC analysis and antioxidant activity of methanolict extracts of the leaves of M. esculenta. The plant showed high phenolic and flavonoid content. In-vitro antioxidant study of dried leaves of Myrica esculanta was performed using methanolic extract. Results: Antioxidant activity of M. esculenta methanolic extract showed the least IC50 value of 60 \± 1.15 \μg/ml. Standard ascorbic acid showed an IC50 value of 2.03 \± 0.06 \μg/ml. The calibration curve of Gallic acid showed r2 of 0.949 and Rf of gallic acid was found to be 0.44 \± 0.006. Quantification of gallic acid in the samples of leaves of M. esculenta has been performed and the gallic acid was found to be 0.056\%. Conclusion: The presence of gallic acid has not yet been reported and quantified in this species which may be utilized for the proper standardization of the drug. The present study showed new natural antioxidant that can replace the synthetic ones to be used in foods and cosmetics.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, Gallic acid, HPTLC, Myrica Esculenta}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.165}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/390}, author = {Prashant Kumar and Abhishek Gupta and Anita Singh} } @article {241, title = {Pharmacognostic Standardization and Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis on Triterpenoids Constituents of the Medicinally Important Plant Plumeria rubra f. rubra by HPTLC technique}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {135-141}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {135}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plumeria rubra f. rubra commonly known as Lal Gulachin has wide horizon of medicinal possessions. Plant is found in India and in its tropical regions. Though the plant and its extracts have been indigenously valued as folklore medicine diversely in India, yet literature lacks somewhere in reverse pharmacognostical approach of this plant which reflects that plant have not been evidently explored therapeutically. There are several forms of Plumeria rubra among which P. rubra f. rubra is much appraised in India than its other forms. Method: In Present study the anticipated potential of this plant has been validated by laying down its pharmacognostical standards along with measurement of its active therapeutic constituent Ursolic acid and Lupeol via. HPTLC, information from organized search of published literature remarks that Ursolic acid and lupeol is ubiquitous to this plant. Results: Microscopic features revealed the presence of paracytic type of stomata, crescent bicollateral vascular bundle, calcium oxalate crystal and clothing trichomes in leaves whereas bark showed the presence of distinct periderm with cork and phellogen, sclereids, bast tissue with parenchymatous cells. Methanolic extract of both parts of plant was subjected to HPTLC. In HPTLC studies the Ursolic acid content in leaves was found to be 0.96\% whereas in bark was detected as 0.051\%, lupeol content in leaves and stem was found to be 0.014\% and 0.018\%. Conclusion: The data generated could be significantly used as reference for the standardization and quality control of Plumeria. rubra f. rubra, as no such work has been reported yet.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lupeol, Pharmacognosy, Plumeria rubra f. rubra, standardization, Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.23}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/290}, author = {Gunja Srivastava and Abhishek Gupta and Manjul Pratap Singh and Anurag Mishra} } @article {432, title = {Phytochemical Evaluation and Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis on Flavonoids Compounds in Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Leaf by HPTLC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {942-946}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {942}, abstract = {

Introduction: Leucas aspera is one of the important medicinal plants in Indian medical system and it belongs to Lamiaceae family. Leucas aspera (Willd) Link (L. aspera) belongs to Leucas genus, widely distributed throughout India. L. aspera has many vernacular names and is commonly known as Thumbai. Flavonoid is a phenolic compound which is widely distributed in the plants and responsible for many biological activities. Preliminary phytochemical analysis gives a broad idea to the researchers for their further research. Methods: In this present study, we did a preliminary phytochemical screening, quantitative estimation of total flavonoids and fingerprinting profile of flavonoids compounds using five different solvent extracts obtained from leaves of L. aspera. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoid compounds in L. aspera. Higher concentration of total flavonoid compounds was noted in ethanol extract compared to petroleum ether, chloroform, isopropyl alcohol and ethyl acetate extracts. A densitometric high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) study showed more number of flavonoid compounds are present in ethanol extract compared to other solvents. Conclusions: Results of this study revealed, L. aspera leaf is a rich source of flavonoid content and it can be used to alleviate many chronic illness and various diseases. This study results warrants for further isolation, identification and characterization of active principle which is responsible for the biological activity.

}, keywords = {Chromatographic, Fingerprinting, Flavonoids, HPTLC, Leucas aspera.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.147}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/200}, author = {Vellaichamy Muthupandi Annapandian and Rajagopal Shanmuga Sundaram and Swaminathan Gomathi} } @article {413, title = {Quantification of Ethanol Content in Traditional Herbal Cough Syrups}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {821-827}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {821}, abstract = {

Introduction: The use of alcohol as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations raises safety concerns, especially when used in high concentration. This study aims to scrutinize the ethanol concentration in traditional herbal cough syrups available over-the-counter (OTC) in Malaysia. Method: Enzymatic analysis was adopted to estimate the alcohol contents of five selected syrups. The principle reaction involved ethanol oxidation by nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in the presence of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), forming acetaldehyde, reduced NAD (NADH) and a proton. The ethanol concentration of each syrup was quantitatively determined by detecting NADH using UV spectrophotometry at detection wavelength of 340 nm. Results: The ethanol percentage by volume (\% v/v) in the tested syrups ranges from 0.102\% to 2.576\%. All five syrups studied comply with the FDA requirement for drugs for adults and children \>6 years since they do not contain more than 5\% ethanol. However, three syrups do not fulfil the requirement for use in children \<6 years as they contain higher than 0.5\% ethanol, yet they are inappropriately indicated on their packaging for use in children \>3 years. In terms of safety, all studied syrups fulfil European Medicine Agency\’s (EMA) recommendation as they will not induce a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) higher than 0.125g/L after a single dose. Nevertheless, none of these syrups comply with Malaysian Drug Registration Guidance on labelling requirements as they do not disclose their alcohol contents on the packaging. Conclusion: More rigorous regulation on alcohol content in herbal preparations, and disclosure of alcohol content in product packagings should be enforced.

}, keywords = {Alcohol content, Enzymatic analysis, Ethanol concentration, Herbal cough medicine, Herbal preparation, Quantitative analysis.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.128}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/181}, author = {Ming Shin Neo and Shraddha Manish Gupta and Tahir Mehmood Khan and Manish Gupta} } @article {419, title = {Toxicity Assessment and Evaluation of Analgesic, Antipyretic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities on Cordia obliqua Leaf Methanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {856-861}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {856}, abstract = {

Background: Cordia obliqua Willd. Plant belongs to genus Cordia and family Boraginaceae. Commonly it is known as Clammy Cherry and in Hindi Lasora. Earlier very few researches were carried out to explore its medicinal importance as compared with other Cordia species. Objective: To determine maximum safe dose and explore analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Cordia obliqua leaf methanol extract. Materials and Methods: As per our previous study report, the leaf methanol extract is rich in phyto-constituents and has good antioxidant effect; so only methanol extract was studied here. The maximum safe dose of methanol extract was found by acute oral toxicity study according to OECD guidelines 423. For analgesic effect, hot plate and tail flick method, for anti-inflammatory, Carageenan induced rat paw edema and for antipyretic study, yeast induced pyrexia method were used. Results: The extract dose up to 2000mg/Kg was found safe with no any side effects. Three dose levels were tested for all activities. The medium (250 mg/Kg) and high (500 mg/Kg) dose of methanol extract was found effective in all activities when compared with standard. The result for antipyretic activity was found better than other activities. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Cordia obliqua leaf is safe and effective drug for relief of pain, fever and inflammation.

}, keywords = {Carageenan induced edema, Clammy Cherry, Hot plate, Tail flick, Yeast induced pyrexia.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.134}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/187}, author = {Richa Gupta and Ghanshyam Das Gupta} } @article {167, title = {Anti-inflammatory activity of BCM-95 (bio-enhanced formulation of turmeric with increased bioavailabilty) compared to Curcumin in Wistar rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {380-384}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {380}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of bioenhanced turmeric formulation (BCM-95) compared to commercial Curcumin formulation (Curcuminoids 95\%) in Carrageenan-induced acute inflammatory model. Materials and Methods: Thirty six Wistar rats were divided into six groups-Normal control (2 ml of vehicle), Standard control (Indomethacin 10 mg/kg), 2 doses of BCM 95 (10 and 20 mg/kg) and Curcuminoids 95\% (10 and 20 mg/kg). Paw volume was measured using a digital plethysmometer. Vehicle or test drugs were given to rats 30 min before carrageenan administration. Baseline paw volume reading (V0) was noted just prior to administration of 0.1 ml of 1\% carrageenan to right hind paw of the rat. Test paw volume readings (Vt) were measured at 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min, after carrageenan injection. Oedema expressed as increased paw volume (vt-v0) was noted and percentage inhibition of oedema was calculated for all treatment groups. Statistical analysis: Difference between groups were analyzed with ANOVA followed by Tukey test. Results: All treatment groups demonstrated significant (p\<0.05) anti-inflammatory activity (oedema suppression) compared to normal control. Anti-inflammatory activity of BCM 95 treated groups were comparable to standard control group except at certain time points, whereas the same activity at all-time points with Curcuminoid 95\% treated groups were significantly less than standard control group. Percentage inhibition of paw oedema was maximum with standard control group followed by BCM 95 treated groups followed by Curcuminoid 95\% treated groups. Conclusion: BCM 95 treated groups showed significant anti-inflammatory activity compared to Curcuminoid 95\% treated groups.

}, keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory agents, Bioavailability, Curcumin, Inflammation, Wistar rats.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.11}, author = {Sayeli Vinaykumar and Urval Pundarik Rathnakar and Ullal Sheetal Dinkar and Kamath Priyanka and Tiwary Gaurav and Shenoy Ashok Kudgi and Revappala Sekhar Nishith} } @article {211, title = {Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activities of Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook F. Ex Benth. Root Mediated Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {579-586}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {579}, abstract = {

The present study was carried out to examine the hypoglycemic effect of Silver Nanoparticles (SNPs) using ethanolic root extract of Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. ex Benth. A cost effective and eco friendly technique for green synthesis of SNPs from 1mM AgNO3 solution through the root extract was carried out. The biosynthesized SNPs were characterized using UV spectrophotometry, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectrometry. DPPH assay was done to determine the antioxidant activity and for in vitro hypoglycemic activity glucose uptake by yeast cells, alpha amylase inhibition assay, adsorption capacity and glucose diffusion assay was performed. The SNPs of ethanolic root extract were found to be spherical in shape and up to 32.75 nm average in size. They showed alpha amylase inhibitory activity of 83.60\% at 500 g/ml. The glucose uptake by yeast cells was found to increase with an increase in concentration. The maximum glucose uptake was found to be 69.51\% at 10mM concentration. The molar concentration of glucose was directly proportional to the glucose binding capacity of extracts.The rate of glucose diffusion across the membrane was found to increase from 30 to 180 minutes. The DPPH scavenging activity was found to be potent (74.07\%) at 500 g/ml. The hypoglycemic effect exhibited by the SNPs was revealed by simple in vitro model of yeast cells, mediated by glucose adsorption, increasing glucose diffusion and glucose transport across the cell membrane.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, C. anisata, Diabetes, Glucose and Silver nitrate, Silvernanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.10}, author = {Arsia Tarnam Yakoob and Nargis Begum Tajuddin and Muhammad Ilyas Mohammed Hussain and Shilu Mathew and Archunan Govindaraju and Ishtiaq Qadri} } @article {129, title = {Assessment of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid, Tannin Content and Phytochemical Screening of Leaf and Flower Extracts from Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K.Heyne: a comparative study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {140-143}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {140}, abstract = {

Introduction: Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content of leaf and flower extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K.Heyne was compared. Objective: To explore total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content of both leaf and flower extracts of Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC) K Heyne. Method: Initially, collected fresh leaves and flower samples were shade dried and extracted with various solvents such as aqueous methanol (1:1), ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous. Qualitative analysis was performed for various phytochemical. Then the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and total tannin content was estimated. Results: In preliminary phyto-chemical examination of various solvent extracts of both leaf and flowers of P. pterocarpum revealed that the presence of various phytochemicals such as phlobatannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannin, reducing sugars, phenols and steroids. In phtyochemical evaluation, when compare with all other solvents, Ethanolic extracts shows maximum extractive value. In case of ethyl acetate, it shows very low extractive value in all three phyto-chemicals. In phytochemical evaluation studies, total phenolic content of leaves shows highest in ethanolic extract (33.17 \± 4.72 mg/g) and lowest in ethyl acetate extract from flower (4.71 \± 0.07 mg/g), Similarly, flavonoid content of leaves shows highest in ethanolic extract (1.43 \± 0.01 mg/g) and lowest in aqueous extract of flower (0.23 \± 0.09 mg/g) but in case of tannin content, flower extracts shows higher tannin content in ethanolic extract (844.59 \± 10.38 mg/g) whereas lowest tannin content in leaf ethyl acetate extract (9.54 \± 6.98 mg/g). Conclusion: This is first report of comparative studies on total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content of various solvent extracts both leaves and flowers from Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC) K Heyne.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Phenolic content, Phytochemicals, Solvent extraction., Tannin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.7}, author = {Peraman Muthukumaran and Nachimuthu Saraswathy and Vijayasekar Aswitha and Ramesh Balan and Venkatesh Babu Gokhul and Palanikumar Indumathi and Sivasubramani Yuvapriya} } @article {149, title = {Bacillus anthracis growth Inhibitory Properties of Australian Terminalia spp.: Putative Identification of low Polarity Volatile Components by GC-MS Headspace Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan/2016}, pages = {281-290}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {281}, abstract = {

Introduction: Anthrax is a severe acute disease caused by Bacillus anthracis infections. If untreated, it often results in mortality. Many Terminalia spp. have documented therapeutic properties as general antiseptics, inhibiting the growth of a wide variety of bacterial species. This study examines the ability of selected Australian Terminalia spp. extracts to inhibit B. anthracis growth. Methods:\ Solvent extracts were prepared from Terminalia carpentariae and Terminalia grandiflora plant material and investigated by disc diffusion assay for the ability to inhibit the growth of an environmental strain of B. anthracis. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. The most potent extracts were analysed by GC-MS headspace analysis. Results: T. carpentariae and T. grandiflora leaf, fruit and nut solvent extractions displayed good growth inhibitory activity against B. anthracis. Methanolic T. Carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora nut extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 74 and 155 \µg/mL respectively. The T. carpentariae leaf ethyl acetate extract was also a good inhibitor of B. anthracis growth (MIC 340 \µg/mL). All other extracts were substantially less potent growth inhibitors. Interestingly, the T. Carpentariae leaf extracts with growth inhibitory activity were nontoxic in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay, with LC50 values \>1000 \µg/mL. In contrast, the LC50 value 740 \µg/mL reported for the methanolic T. grandiflora nut extract indicates low-moderate toxicity. Non-biased GC-MS phytochemical analysis of the most active extracts (methanolic T. carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora nut) putatively identified and highlighted several compounds that may contribute to the ability of these extracts to inhibit the growth of B. anthracis. Conclusions: The growth inhibitory activity of the methanolic T. Carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora nutextracts against B. anthracis indicates their potential for the treatment and prevention of anthrax. Furthermore, thelack toxicity of the T. Carpentariae leaf and the low-moderate toxicity of the T. grandiflora nut extract, indicates that their use may extend to all forms of the disease (cutaneous, inhalation or gastrointestinal).

}, keywords = {Anthrax, Combretaceae, Metabolomic profiling., Native almond, Terminalia carpentariae, Terminalia grandiflora, Wild peach}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.18}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Joseph Sirdaarta and Alan White and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {187, title = {Bioactive Fraction from Datura stramonium Linn. Promotes Human immune Cells Mediated Cytotoxicity towards Lung and Breast Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {435-439}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {435}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate immune modulatory effect of fractions of D. stramonium L. leaves on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) followed by assessment of cytotoxic abilities of immunomodulated PBMC toward cancer cells. Material and methods: Bioassay (PBMC proliferation) guided fractionation of methanolic leaf extract of D. stramonium was performed to get active fraction and LC-MS was performed to identify the phytocompounds present in the bioactive fraction. The immunomodulatory potential of D. stramonium active fraction was assessed by i) MTT microcytotoxicity assay using A549 (lung carcinomas) and MCF-7 (breast cancer) cell lines and ii) analyzing the production of IL-2 and IFN-\γ by human PBMC in the presence of active fraction. Results: Chromatographic fractionation guided by PBMC proliferation assay of D. stramonium extract resulted in bioactive fraction (fraction-10) exhibiting significant immunostimulatory activity [EC50=19.1\±1.5 (\μg/ml)] on human blood lymphocytes. Fraction-10 pretreated PBMC displayed enhanced cytotoxicity towards A549 and MCF-7 (59\%\±2.1\% and 62\%\±2.3\% at 1:20 effector:target ratio respectively). Moreover, fraction-10 also enhanced the secretion of IL-2 (8 fold) and IFN-\γ (10 fold) by human PBMC. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of fraction-10 from D. stramonium showed the presence of terpenoids and steroids. LC-MS analysis depicted presence of four major phytoconstituents in fraction-10 as daturaolone, daturadiol, stigmasterol and sitosterol with corresponding mass spectrum (m/z) of 440, 442, 412 and 414 respectively. Conclusion: The present report concluded that active fraction-10 of D. stramonium possesses potential immunostimulators that are capable of enhancing anticancer responses of human blood lymphocytes.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Cytokine, Cytotoxic, Datura stramonium., Immunomodulation, PBMC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.4}, author = {Aditi Gupta and Sunil Kumar and Neeraj Mahindroo and Reena Vohra Saini} } @article {162, title = {Cakile maritima Scop. extracts inhibit the growth of some bacterial triggers of autoimmune diseases: GC-MS analysis of an inhibitory extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {361-374}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {361}, abstract = {

Introduction: High antioxidant capacities have been linked to the treatment of rheumatic diseases and also in the inhibition of microbial growth. Although Cakile maritima has a high antioxidant capacity, it is yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Methods: C. maritima solvent extracts were analysed for antioxidant capacity by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Growth inhibitory activities against bacterial species associated with initiating rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis were determined by disc diffusion assay and quantified by MIC determination. Toxicity was determined by Artemia franciscana bioassay. Results: All C. maritima solvent extracts displayed good DPPH radical scavenging activity, although the ethyl acetate extract was particularly potent with an IC50 values of 3.4 \μg/mL. The other extracts also had significant radical scavenging activity, with IC50 between 4.7 and 13.6 \μg/mL. The bacterial growth inhibitory activity of the extracts correlated with their free radical scavenging activity. The ethyl acetate extract displayed the most potent growth inhibitory activity against most bacterial species. This extract was particularly potent against Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC values of 431, 559 and 777 \μg/mL, respectively). The hexane extract was also a potent inhibitor of the Proteus spp., (MIC of approximately 500-800 \μg/mL). The ethyl acetate extract also inhibited Klebsiella pneumoniae growth, albeit with higher MIC\’s (approximately 1500 \μg/mL). All other C. maritima extract-bacteria combinations generally resulted in mid-low potency inhibition. All of the extracts were determined to be nontoxicin with the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially \>1000 \μg/mL. A total of 97 unique mass signals were detected in the C. maritima ethyl acetate extract by nonbiased GC-MS headspace analysis. A number of terpenoids which may contribute to the therapeutic bioactivities of the extract were putatively identified. Conclusion: The lack of toxicity and the inhibitory activity against microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis by the C. maritima ethyl acetate extract indicates its potential in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.

}, keywords = {Acinitobacter baylyi, ankylosing spondylitis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, multiple sclerosis, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas areuginosa., rheumatoid arthritis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.9}, author = {Elsayed Omer and Abdelsamed Elshamy and Abdel Nasser El Gendy and Xin Cai and Joseph Sirdaarta and Alan White and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {160, title = {Comparative Powder Microscopic and HPTLC Studies on Stem barks of Symplocos racemosa Roxb. and Symplocos crataegoides Ham}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {346-351}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {346}, abstract = {

Introduction: Comparative powder microscopic and HPTLC studies were carried out on stem barks of Symplocos racemosa Roxb. and Symplocos crataegoides Ham. to differentiate its identity in Ayurvedic formulations. Method: Powder microscopic and HPTLC studies of these barks were undertaken on a comparative basis and results are reported in this paper. The authentic samples are cleaned, powdered and passed through sieve No. 80. A few mg of powder was stained with saffranin, Toluidine blue and Iodine and photographed under different magnifications with the help of NICKON Labphot -2. HPTLC studies were followed by Sethi and Wagner et al method. Results: The colour, taste, cork cells, fibres, sclereids, starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals, number of spots and Rf values of HPTLC are found to be differentiating diagnostic characters in powdered form of S. racemosa and S. crataegoides. Conclusion: The findings of the present study is believed to be helpful in standardization of Ayurvedic formulation containing stem bark of S. racemosa and S. crataegoides as ingredients in powder form. The study sets the specific microscopic protocol and HPTLC finger print of the two drugs and may lead to global acceptance and reputation of the Ayurvedic system.

}, keywords = {Authentication, Curna, Dasamularistam, Lodhra, Lodhrasavam, Pharmacognosy.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.7}, author = {Nartunai Govindarajan and Uma Maheswara Reddy Cheekala and Shantha Arcot and Susikumar Sundaramoorthy and Murugammal Shanmugam and Ramasamy Duraisamy and Venkata Narasimhaji Cheemalapati and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {124, title = {Comparative Study of Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol and Aqueous Extracts of Different Parts of Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {113-116}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

Background: Antioxidants play a major role in curing degenerative disease. In present time many synthetic antioxidants are commonly used but due to their toxic and carcinogenic effects, their use has been restricted. So the search for natural antioxidants is important. Studies on natural compounds is of interest due to their satisfactory health benefits with low toxicity. Objective: The antioxidant activity of ethanol and aqueous extract of shoot, seed and leaf of an important medicinal tree Nyctanthes arbor-trist is (Harsingar) were evaluated by DPPH scavenging antioxidant assays. Materials and Methods: Different concentrations 25, 50, 75, 100\% of the aqueous and ethanol extracts were prepared with standard solutions (ascorbic acid 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.09, 0.1 mg/ml). To 1.5 ml solution of DPPH (0.1 mM), 0.5 ml of various concentrations of the extract and standard were added. Results: In the present study a comparative evaluation of antioxidant activity of seed, shoot and leaf of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn was performed for their aqueous and ethanol extracts. Ethanol and aqueous extracts of shoot revealed more antioxidant activity then seed and leaf. Conclusion: All aerial parts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn possess antioxidant activity. The plant may be functioned out for its anticancerous properties in future.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Aqueous extract, DPPH assay, Ethanol extracts, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.3}, author = {Saraswati Patel and Mamta Gokhale} } @article {155, title = {Evaluation of Healing Potential of Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae) seeds in excision, incision, dead space and burn wound model-An in-vivo Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {300-306}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {300}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study deals with the in vivo investigation of healing properties of Achyranthes aspera L. seeds in excision, incision, dead space and burn wound model. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical tests were performed to find out different phytoconstituents in the test extract. Acute toxicity test were performed to find any abnormalities in mice. Wound healing activities were performed on Wistar rats using excision, incision, dead space and burn wound model. The percentage of wound closure and period of epithelization were recorded for excision and thermal burn wound model, whereas the breaking strength was recorded in incision wound model. In dead space wound model, hydroxyproline content and granulation tissue antioxidant enzymes like SOD and CAT were estimated. Results: The phytochemical investigation showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, lipids and triterpenoids. There were no abnormalities observed in the acute toxicity test. The results of wound healing activity revealed that EEAAS treated group showed an enhanced wound contraction and epithelization period in both excision and burn wound models, whereas in incision wound model the wound breaking strength was significantly increased in extract treated group compared to control. The histology of the skin of healed excised wound showed restoration to almost the normal architecture of the skin in extract treated group compared to the control. In dead space wound model, enhanced antioxidant enzymes and connective tissue markers were observed in the extract treated group. Conclusion: Thus the results conclude that EEAAS possesses potent wound healing properties with a reasonable safety profile.

}, keywords = {Achyranthes aspera L., Antioxidant enzymes, Hydroxyproline, Povidone iodine, Silver sulfadiazine, Thermal burn.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.20}, author = {Sumanta Mondal and Debjit Ghosh and Seru Ganapaty and Motati Sushrutha Reddy and Karipeddi Ramakrishna} } @article {190, title = {Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry Analysis and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of the Leaves of Tabernaemontana divaricata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {451-458}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {451}, abstract = {

Objective: To identify phytoconstituents present in an ethanolic extract of the leaves of Tabernaemontana divaricata and to evaluate its in-vitro antioxidant potential. Methods: The extract was subjected to gas chromatography- mass spectrometry analysis to identify phytoconstituents, and screened for hydroxyl, superoxide and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing power and metal-chelating activity as a measure of potential antioxidant activity. Results: GC-MS analysis of the extract revealed the presence of 96 phytoconstituents, of which 17 are reported to be bioactive and 11 of these to possess antioxidant potential. When tested in-vitro, the extract exhibited the most potent radical-scavenging activity at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/ml, scavenging effects of 64\%, 67\% and 69\% and corresponding half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 6.7 mg/ml, 6.8 mg/ml and 6.2 mg/ml on hydroxyl, superoxide and DPPH radicals, respectively. Ascorbic acid used as a standard (10 mg/ml) showed scavenging effects of 73\%, 73\% and 75\% and corresponding IC50 values of 5.3 mg/ml, 5.8 mg/ml and 5.2 mg/ml, respectively, on hydroxyl, superoxide and DPPH radicals. At 10 mg/ml, the extract and an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid standard exhibited 68\% and 78\%, respectively, chelation of ferrous ions; at the same concentration, the reducing power of the extract and that of a butylated hydroxytoluene standard was found to be 3.855 and 4.308, respectively. Conclusion: These observations strongly suggest that the ethanolic extract of T. divaricata leaves has potent in-vitro antioxidant activity and thereby could act as a possible therapeutic agent for oxidative stressinduced pathological states.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, GC-MS analysis, Metal chelating activity., Phytoconstituents, Reducing power, Tabernaemontana divaricata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.7}, author = {Muniyandi Anbukkarasi and Philip A Thomas and Mahalingam Sundararajan and Pitchairaj Geraldine} } @article {203, title = {GC-MS Analysis of n-hexane Extract of Stem Bark of Symplocos crataegoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {520-524}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {520}, abstract = {

Context: The stem barks of the plant Symplocos crataegoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (syn. Symplocos paniculata (Thunb.) Miq.), Fam. Symplocaceae is extensively used in Indian medicine under the names of Lodhra/Patikalodhra. Mainly it is used to cure uterine complaints, vaginal and menstrual disorders. Aim: To investigate the phytochemicals from the n-hexane extract of the stem bark of Symplocos crataegoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don., using GC-MS analysis. Materials and Methods: Stem bark of S.crataegoides was extracted by Soxhlet extraction method using n-hexane. The extract was injected by splitless injection mode into the GC MS 5975 C Agilent equipped with a QP- 5000 (quadrupole) Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometer. Results: Identification of 57 compounds from n-hexane extract. Those compounds were identified by close matches with standard MS spectra and compared with NIST - 11 and WILEY library data. Undecane (7.51\%) was found as major compound followed by Isopropyl myristate, Dodecane, 1,2,4-trimethyl-benzene, Octacosane, 2-methyl-decane, 2-ethyl-1,2-dimethyl-benzene, 1,2,3,5- tetramethyl-benzene etc., other constituents were found to be in traceable quantities. Conclusion: GC-MS analysis of S. crataegoides revealed certain interesting facts of presentation of various phytoconstituents in the stem bark. The presence of various phytoconstituents contributes to the medicinal activity of the plant.

}, keywords = {GC-MS analysis, n-hexane extract, Patikalodhra, Symplocos Crataegoides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.2}, author = {Nartunai Govindarajan and Uma Maheswara Reddy Cheekala and Shantha Arcot and Susikumar Sundaramoorthy and Ramasamy Duraisamy and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {209, title = {Green synthesis, Antioxidant Potential and Hypoglycemic Effect of Silver Nanoparticles using Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. F. Ex Benth. of Rutaceae}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {565-575}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {565}, abstract = {

The current study was conducted to examine the hypoglycemic effect of Silver Nano particles (SNPs) using ethanolic leaf extract of Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook f. ex Benth. A cost effective and eco-friendly technique for the green synthesis of SNPs from 1mM AgNO3 solution through the leaf extract was carried out. The biosynthesized SNPs were characterized using UV spectro photometry, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectrometry. DPPH assay was done to determine the antioxidant activity and for in vitro hypoglycemic activity glucose uptake by yeast cells, alpha-amylase inhibition assay, adsorption capacity and glucose diffusion assay was carried out. The SNPs of ethanol leaf extract were found to be spherical in shape and up to 60.67 nm average in size. They showed alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of 80.32\% at 500 g/ml and IC50 100 g/ml. The glucose uptake by yeast cells was found to increase with an increase in concentration. The maximum glucose uptake was found to be 68.29\% at 10mM concentration. The molar concentration of glucose was directly proportional to the glucose binding capacity of extracts. The rate of glucose diffusion across the membrane was found to increase from 30 to 180 minutes. The DPPH scavenging activity was found to be potent (71.60\%) at 500 g/ml. The hypoglycemic effect exhibited by the SNPs was revealed by simple in vitro model of yeast cells, mediated by glucose absorption, increasing glucose diffusion and glucose transport across the cell membrane.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.8}, author = {Arsia Tarnam Y and Nargis Begum T and Muhammad Ilyas MH and Shilu Mathew and Archunan Govindaraju and Ishtiaq Qadri} } @article {130, title = {Growth Inhibitory Activity of Kakadu Plum Extracts Against the Opportunistic Pathogenclostridium Perfringens: New Leads in the Prevention and Treatment of Clostridial Myonecrosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {144-153}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {144}, abstract = {

Introduction: Clostridium perfringens is the etiological agent of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. Infections result in exotoxin production, tissue necrosis and unless promptly treated, may result in death. Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) fruit has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. Fruit extracts have been reported to inhibit the growth of an extensive panel of pathogenic bacteria. Leaf extracts have also been shown to block the growth of several bacterial species associated with autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Methods: T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf solvent extracts were investigated for growth inhibitory activity by disc diffusion assay against a clinical strain of Clostridium perfringens. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Active extracts were analysed by non-targeted HPLC-QTOF mass spectroscopy (with screening against 3 compound databases) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in the crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic and aqueous T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf extracts, as well as the leaf ethyl acetate extract, displayed growth inhibitory activity in the disc diffusion assay against C. perfringens. The leaf extracts were generally more potent growth inhibitors than the corresponding fruit extracts, although the aqueous fruit extract had substantially greater efficacy than the aqueous leaf extract. The methanolic and ethyl acetate leaf extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 206 and 117 \μg/ml respectively. The fruit methanolic extract also displayed good efficacy, with an MIC of 716 \μg/ml. In contrast, the chloroform and hexane extracts of both fruit and leaf were completely devoid of growth inhibitory activity. All T. ferdinandiana extracts were either nontoxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay. Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the methanolic and ethyl acetate leaf extracts revealed the presence of high relative levels of a diversity of galloand ellagi- tannins. Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana extracts and the potent growth inhibitory bioactivity of the leaf methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts against C. perfringens indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. Metabolomic profiling studies indicate that these extracts contained a diversity of tannins.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial extracts, Antioxidant, Australian medicinal plants, Enteritis necroticans, Gas gangrene., Kakadu plum, Myonecrosis, Terminalia ferdinandiana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.8}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Joseph Sirdaarta and Ben Matthews and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {159, title = {Isolation of flavonoid from Abies webbiana leaves and its activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {341-345}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {341}, abstract = {

Background: Abies webbiana commonly known as Talispatra in Bengali and Hindi, Talispatram in Sanskrit and Indian Silver Fir in English. This is a large, tall, evergreen tree occurring in the Himalayan region from Kashmir to Assam in India. It comes under the Family: Pinaceae. The present study was designed for isolation of flavonoid from ethyl acetate extract of A. webbiana leaves and assessed their toxic effect on liver and kidney. Materials and Methods: The isolation of flavonoid using different chromatographic methods (thin layer and column chromatography). The isolated flavonoid was identified; Structures and chemical bonds were analyzed by using MP, FTIR, 1-H NMR and MS spectral analysis. Effect of flavonoid on liver and kidney was assessed by inducing (0.1 ml/kg) CCl4 (i.p.) and (6 mg/kg) Cisplatin (i.p.) respectively measured by biochemical marker of liver and kidney. Results and Discussion: It was identified that isolated compound was as 4\’-hydroxy quercetin on the basis of FTIR, 1-H NMR and MS spectral analysis. Isolated flavonoid reduced the increased biochemical marker (BM) of liver and kidney. The BM was increased by inducing CCl4 and Cisplatin respectively. Conclusion: Isolated compound was 4\’-methoxy quercetin and significantly protect the liver and kidney.

}, keywords = {1-H NMR, Abies webbiana, CCl4., Cisplatin, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.6}, author = {Dinesh Kumar Yadav and Mohammed Ali and Ashoke Kumar Ghosh and Babita Kumar} } @article {139, title = {Pharmaco-Chemical characterization and Acaricidal Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Chassalia Curviflora (Wall ex Kurz.) Thwaites.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {215-219}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {215}, abstract = {

Introduction: C. curviflora, an important ethno-medicinal plant used by the Kurichia local people in Western Ghats region of Wayanad is yet to be explored pharmacologically. It is used as paste on the body of cattle and birds for curing skin diseases. Objectives: To characterize the pharmacochemical features and to study the acaricidal effect of ethanolic extract of C. curviflora on engorged female ticks of R. (B.) annutatus. Methods: The pharmaco-chemical features such as physico-chemical, proximate, phytochemical, fluorescence, and HPTLC profiling were carried out using standard techniques. The pulverized leaves were subjected to soxhlet extraction using ethanol. The ethanolic extract at different concentrations (10\% to 1.25\%) was tested against ticks using adult immersion test (AIT). Result: The preliminary phytochemical investigation showed high contents of saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. The HPTLC profiling of ethanolic extract showed the presence of 14 polyvalent components. Based on AIT, the extract at 10\% revealed 43.76\% of inhibition of fecundity (IF) and 29.16\% of adult tick mortality. Conclusion: The results revealed that the extract has some active compounds that may influence in the reproductive system of female ticks.

}, keywords = {Acaricidal activity, Chassalia curviflora, Fecundity., HPTLC, Pharmaco-chemical, R. (B.) annutatus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.6}, author = {Ajeesh Krishna Thumadath Palayullaparambil and Adarsh Krishna Thumadath Palayullaparambil and Sanis Juliet and Kumuthakalavalli Renganathan and Ramasubbu Raju and Sunil Athalathil and Reghu Ravindran and Leena Chandrashekar and Suresh Narayanan Nair and Srikanta Ghosh} } @article {103, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation on Seeds of Madhuca longifolia (Koen.) Macbr. Var. latifolia (Roxb.) A. Cheval}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {37-41}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mahuwa i.e., Madhuca longifolia (Koen.) Macbr. Var. latifolia (Roxb) A. Cheval\  belongs to family Sapotaceae. The local people and aboriginals use the oil extracted from the seeds for cooking purposes. The powdered seed has several therapeutic uses too. Recently seed oil is used as biodiesel. Although seeds and oil are in use; deliberate attempt to study them has lacked. Methods: Pharmacognosy can be the first step in deciding the status of a plant organ as a crude medicine. Hence comprehensive Pharmacognosy of Mahuwa seed was carried out by macroscopy, microscopy, histochemistry, powder study, proximate analysis and preliminary phytochemical studies. Results: The present study provides the microscopic diagnostic characters such as presence of sclerides, oil ducts, crystals etc in seed. Physicochemical studies revealed total ash (0.65\%), acid insoluble ash (0.5\%), water soluble ash (5.95\%), alcohol soluble extractive (23.04\%) water soluble extractive (17.76\%) and chloroform extractive (12.3\%). Histochemistry and Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponnins, terpenoids, anthraquinone glycoside, cardiac glycoside etc. Conclusion: These studies will help in establishing the \ pharmacopeial standards for the said drug.

}, keywords = {Histochemistry, Mahuwa, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry., Sapotaceae, Seeds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.8}, author = {Bindu Gopalkrishnan and CL. Ringmichon} } @article {96, title = {Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Nutritional Evaluation of Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {31-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

Objective: The primary aim of the study was to establish the pharmacognostic standards along with nutritional values on the important medicinal herb Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC., commonly known as Parpata in South India. Material and Methods: Pharmacognostical, physicochemical, nutritional evaluation along with the TLC profiling and preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out. Results: Histological study of different parts of the plant revealed the presence of different cellular structures viz. stem showed the presence of multi cellular to unicellular trichomes, collateral vascular bundles, starch grains etc. Mesophyll of the leaves was embedded with starch grains with clustered calcium oxalate and prism shaped crystals. Anomocytic stomata were present on both the epidermis of the leaf. Powder microscopy exhibited multi cellular trichomes, clustered calcium oxalate, fibres etc. Physicochemical and histochemical studies revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites and different minerals within the acceptable limits. Thin layer chromatographic profiling showed different spots suggesting the presence of specific phytoconstituents in different extracts. The plant also revealed good nutritional value with calorific value of about 245 kcal/100g; Vitamin C 112 mg/100 g and higher amount of calcium etc. Conclusion: The results are beneficial to establish the quality control parameters of the plant species and may be served as future reference for the identification and authentication of the genuine crude drug and also provide sufficient data to recognize the use of the plant as dietary suppliment.\ \  \ 

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Histochemical studies., Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy, standardization, Thin layer Chromatography.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.7}, author = {Shantha Thirumalai Ramaseshan and Patchaimal Pitchaiah and Vandana Bharti and Kishore Kumar Ramakrishna and Venkateshwarlu Gaddam and Devesh Tewari and Chinmay Rath and Anupam Mangal and Padhi Madan Mohan and Dhiman Kartar Singh} } @article {185, title = {Pharmacognostical Standardization of Goraksha pods: an important Nutritive and antidiabetic Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {424-429}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {424}, abstract = {

Objective: Goraksha or cluster beans are an annual legume found throughout India. It is also extensively cultivated for its pods used as vegetable for its high nutritive value, antidiabetic properties and for the source of guargum. Methods: Macroscopy, microscopy, powder microscopy, histochemical studies and preliminary phytochemical studies on the pods of Goraksha has been carried out highlighting its importance along with important diagnostic characters, which will help in the identification of pods both in fresh form as well as in dry form. Results: Study revealed presence of distantly arranged elongated uniseriate warty trichomes in the outer most layer of epidermis, presence of stone cells, simple starch grains and very small calcium oxalate crystals in the hypodermal region. Presence of unevenly thickened row of palisade layer of macro sclereids in the outer most layer of cotyledon region. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of alkaloids carbohydrates, phenols, proteins, saponins, starch, steroids, and tannins. Conclusion: The pharmacognostical standardization revealed the presence of various specific characters which are important for the identification of the genuine pods of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.

}, keywords = {Cluster beans, Goraksha, Pharmacognosy, Pods. Histochemical studies.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.2}, author = {Shantha Thirumalai Ramasheshan and Patchaimal Pitchaiah and Prathapa Reddy Maramreddy and Vandana Bharti and Kishore Kumar Ramakrishana and Venkateshwarlu Gaddam and Devesh Tewari and Anupam Kumar Mangal and Madan Mohan Padhi and Kartar Singh Dhiman} } @article {156, title = {Phytochemical and Antidiabetic Evaluation of the Methanolic Stem Bark Extract of Spathodea campanulata (P. Beauv.) Bignoniaceae}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan/2016}, pages = {243-249}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {243}, abstract = {

Background: Spathodea campanulata (P. Beauv.) Bignoniaceae extract\ (SCE) is one of many herbal medicines\ used widely in Ugandan traditional\ medicine for various ailments. Generally most of these herbal\ medicines\ are yet to be standardized or have their phytochemical content characterized.\ Method: This study identified the secondary metabolites in the stem bark\ methanolic extract and quantified them. The same extract was subjected\ to serial solvent fractionation, TLC characterization and antidiabetic testing.\ Results: The secondary metabolites were found to comprise of 7.5\% alkaloids,\ 10\% flavonoids, 13\% tannins and 17\% saponins per gram of plant material.\ The TLC characteristics of the fractions (hexane (HX), ethylacetate (EA)\ and methanol (ME)) viewed under UV light revealed spots with the following\ Rf values; the hexane partition gave HX7EA3 (0.96 and 0.68) HX9EA1\ (0.68 and 0.3), EA1ME9 (0.86 and 0.58), EA3ME7 (0.87), EA7ME3 (0.85)\ and EA9ME1 (0.85). The ethylacetate partition gave the following HX1EA9 (0.53, 0.34 and 0.18), HX3EA7 (0.59, 0.40 and 0.26). Discussion: All the\ fractions produced nominal reduction of hyperglycemia. Except hexane\ fraction at 50 mg/kg and ethylacetate fraction at 200 mg/kg all the fractions\ had percentage reductions of glucose greater than that of the control at\ the experimental doses. Although the values of percentage reductions of\ hyperglycemia by the hexane fraction were apparently dose-dependent,\ the greatest margin of reduction of hyperglycemia was observed in the\ residual aqueous fraction. Conclusion: It was found that SCE contains\ valuable phytochemicals in appreciable quantities which are antidiabetic.\ The residual aqueous fraction is the most potent antihyperglycemic of the\ solvent fractions.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Saponins, Spathodea campanulata (P. Beauv.) Bignoniaceae, TLC Tannins, Uganda.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.12}, author = {Tanayen Julius Kihdze and Ajayi Abayomi Mayowa and Oloro Joseph and Ezeonwumelu Joseph OC and Tanayen Grace Ghaife and Adzu Bulus and Arthur van Aerschot and Gert Laekeman and Agaba Amon Ganafa} } @article {200, title = {Synthesis of Plant Mediated gold Nanoparticles using Azima Tetracantha Lam. Leaves extract and Evaluation of their Antimicrobial Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {507-512}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {507}, abstract = {

Aim: The demand for nanoparticles is increasing day by day due to their wide range of applications in various areas including pharmaceutical industry. Nanoparticles are formally synthesized by chemical methods in which the toxic and flammable chemicals are used. Methods: This article reports about an effective, rapid and eco-friendly technique for the fabrication of gold nanoparticles from gold chloride solution using Azima tetracantha Lam. leaves extract. The effects of the leaves extract of Azima tetracantha, the concentration of Gold chloride solution, the time of the reaction and the effect of tem\¬perature on the rate of the reaction were investigated. The synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were characterized by using various techniques such as Dynamic Light Spectroscopy (DLS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis spectra gave surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 540 nm, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). This revealed the reduction of gold ions (Au+) to gold metal (Au0) which indicated the formation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Results: The antimicrobial action of biosynthesized AuNPs indicated effective activity against bacterial pathogens Aeromonas liquefaciens, Enterococcus fecalis, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella typhimurium and fungal pathogens Candida albicans, Cryptococcus sp, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum. Conclusion: This revealed that gold nanoparticles could provide a safer alternative to conventional antimicrobial agents.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial Activity., Azima tetracantha Leaves Extract, Biosynthesis, Characterization, Gold Nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.17}, author = {Abirami Hariharan and Tajuddin Nargis Begum and Mohamed Hussain Muhammad Ilyas and Hussain Syed Jahangir and Premkumar Kumpati and Shilu Mathew and Archunan Govindaraju and Ishtiaq Qadri} } @article {85, title = {Assessment of Acute and Subacute Toxicity of the Total Dichloromethane-Ethanol Extract of Morinda morindoides (Baker) Milne-Redh (ETDE) on Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {372-377}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {372}, abstract = {

Context: ETDE shown good antihypertensive and antioxidant activities in rats made hypertensive. This present study aims to assess its toxicity. Aims: This study was designed to study the toxicity of dichloromethaneethanol extract of Morinda morindoides. Settings and Design: Toxicological activity in vivo. Methods and Material: Alkaloids were characterized from reagents of Bouchardat, flavonoids by reacting the cyanidrine, tannins by the reagent Stiasny, polyphenols by reacting ferric chloride, quinones by the reagent Bornstra\ëgen, sterols and polyterpenes by the reaction of Libermann and saponins by observing the foam after agitation of the extract. Acute and subacute toxicity were studied using respectively 423 and 407 OECD guidelines for testing of chemicals. Statistical analysis used: The graphical representation of the data was performed using the Graph Pad Prism 5.0. The mean value is accompanied by the standard error of the mean (Mean \± SEM). The difference between the two values is considered significant when P\<0.001. Statistical analysis of results was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence in the ETDE of polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols and polyterpenes. The toxicological study shows that ETDE has a LD50 between 2000 and 5000 mg/kg bw therefore classified in the hazard category 5. The administration of ETDE at repeated dose for 28 days did not significantly affect the weight gain, hematological and biochemical parameters of rats. Conclusion: ETDE toxicity is relatively low with LD50 between 2000 and 5000 mg/kg bw. It does not cause damage to the heart, liver and kidney. ETDE can be used without risk of intoxication.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Damage, Morinda morindoides, Subacute toxicity, Weight gain.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.10}, author = {Boga Gogo Lucien and Bahi Calixte and Yapi Houphou{\"e}t F{\'e}lix and N{\textquoteright}Guessan Jean David}, editor = {Konkon N{\textquoteright}Dri Gilles} } @article {74, title = {Effect of various extracts of Ocimum sanctum and Mallotus phillipensis on Setaria digitata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {344-347}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {344}, abstract = {

Introduction: The anthelmintic activity of various extracts of leaves of Ocimum sanctum and Mallotus phillipensis was assessed in vitro against Setaria digitata. Materials and Methods: The leaves of Ocimum sanctum and Mallotus phillipensis were collected and were extracted using methanol, dried and stored under refrigeration till further use. The aqueous extract was taken as a decoction. The methanolic extract was further fractionated by taking solvents of increasing polarity viz, hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water. The extract as well as the fractions were analysed qualitatively for various phytochemical constituents. Fresh nematodes (Setaria digitata) were recovered manually from the peritoneum of infested buffalo, were washed and transferred to the extract containing petriplates (concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125 and 1.56 mg/ml) immediately and the motility/death of Setaria digitata was noted. Results: The presence of flavonoids and tannins were detected in all the extracts where was phenolics as absent in the hexane fraction. The methanolic extract of Tulsi and Kamla produced death of nematodes in concentrations of 3.125 mg/ml and the extract of tulsi was found to be more potent. Similar results were also observed in the case of hydro alcoholic extract whereas the aqueous extract showed no effect. The chloroform fraction of Ocimum sanctum and n-butanol and chloroform fractions of Mallotus were equally potent in inhibiting the motility and producing death of the worms. The control drug, albendazole produced death in 30 minutes in both the concentrations. Conclusion: It could be concluded that higher doses of the extract are as potent as albendazole.

}, keywords = {Albendazole, Anthelmintic, Mallotus phillipensis, Ociumum sanctum, Setaria digitata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.5}, author = {Deepa Chundayil Kalarickal and Sujith Samraj and Darsana Udayan and Priya Manakkulaparambil Narayanan and Sreedevi Ramachandran and Sreeshitha Sreedharan Gouri} } @article {32, title = {Evaluation of cytotoxic, DNA protecting and LPS induced MMP-9 down regulation activities of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng. essential oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {32-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng is a known medicinal plant used in Siddha and Ayurveda medicines in India. It has enormous medicinal potential to treat various diseases. Methods: The present study focused on the use of essential oil obtained from the leaves of Plectranthusamboinicusto test cytotoxicity against breast (MCF-7) and colorectal (HT-29) cancer cell lines, to protect DNA from H2O2 induced genotoxicity through comet assay and to treat inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced over expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by gelatin zymogram and inhibition at transcriptional level confirmed using RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction). Results: Cytotoxicity of essential oil against MCF-7 and HT-29 cancer cell lines revealed the IC50 values of 53 \± 0.01 and 87 \± 0.01 \μg/mL respectively. At 200 \μg/mL essential oil protected against 75\% of DNA damage in 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells. Essential oil showed significant reduction in production of MMP-9 in a concentration dependent manner. Conclusion: Overall, the results showed that essential oil of P. amboinicus is a potent bioactive substance and it could be used in herbal medicine preparations.

}, keywords = {Antigenotoxicity, Cytotoxicity, Essential oil, RT- PCR., Zymogram}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.3}, author = {Ramaraj Thirugnanasampandan and Gunasekar Ramya and Madhusudhanan Gogulramnath and Rajarajeswaran Jayakumar and M.S. Kanthimathi} } @article {1458, title = {Evaluation of cytotoxic, DNA protecting and LPS induced MMP-9 down regulation activities of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng. essential oil.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {32-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Introduction:Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng is a known medicinal plant used in Siddha and Ayurveda medicines in India. It has enormous medicinal potential to treat various diseases. Methods: The present study focused on the use of essential oil obtained from the leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus to test cytotoxicity against breast (MCF-7) and colorectal (HT-29) cancer cell lines, to protect DNA from H2O2 induced genotoxicity through comet assay and to treat inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced over expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by gelatin zymogram and inhibition at transcriptional level confirmed using RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction). Results: Cytotoxicity of essential oil against MCF-7 and HT-29 cancer cell lines revealed the IC50 values of 53 \± 0.01 and 87 \± 0.01\μg/mL respectively. At 200 \μg/mL essential oil protected against 75\% of DNA damage in 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells. Essential oil showed significant reduction in production of MMP-9 in a concentration dependent manner. Conclusion: Overall, the results showed that essential oil of P. amboinicus is a potent bioactive substance and it could be used in herbal medicine preparations.
Key words: Essential oil , Cytotoxicity , Antigenotoxicity, Zymogram, RT- PCR.

}, keywords = {Antigenotoxicity, Cytotoxicity, Essential oil, RT- PCR, Zymogram}, author = {Ramaraj Thirugnanasampandan and Gunasekar Ramya and Madhusudhanan Gogulramnath and Rajarajeswaran Jayakumar and M.S. Kanthimathi} } @article {1479, title = {Free Radical Scavenging and Cytotoxic Potential of Celosia argentea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {09th Mar, 2015}, pages = {191-197}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {191}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species often leads to pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as cancer. Research states that a diet rich in polyphenols renders many health benefits by scavenging such harmful reactive species. Celosia argentea (Amaranthaceae), a common weed in India has been reported as a potential source of cheap, natural antioxidants due to its phenolic abundance. In this research work efforts were made to identify and screen the phenolic rich fractions of Celosia argentea for their antioxidant and anticancer potential. Materials and Methods: Various solvent fractions with increasing polarity were subjected to total phenolic content, followed by antioxidant assays- DPPH, ABTS and anti proliferative assays- Brine shrimp Bioassay, Antimitotic and MTT assays. Results: IC50 value of methanolic fraction for DPPH assay was statistically significant (26.25; ***P\<0.001) when compared with ascorbic acid (12.50; ***P\<0.001). Also TEAC values for methanolic fraction and BHT (standard) for ABTS assay were similar (2.1; ***P\<0.001) Methanolicfraction at 400 \μg/ml exhibited strong cytotoxicity (9.0 \± 0.81; ***P\<0.001) against brine shrimps comparable to Methotrexate at 50 \μg/ml(10; ***P\<0.001) and significantly reduced mitotic index from 96.8 to 38.0 (***P\<0.001) which was further confirmed by MTT assay where IC50 value of methanolic fraction for SiHa and MCF-7 cells was found to be 28 \μg/ml with no cytotoxicity to normal cells proving its anticancer potential. Conclusion: This research proves antioxidant and anticancer potential of phenolic rich fraction of Celosia argentea and suggests it to be useful in cancer management as antifroliferative, chemo preventive and in cancer chemotherapy induced immune suppression and oxidative stress.

Key words: Antioxidant, Brine shrimp, Mitotic index, MTT, Phenolics.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Brine shrimp, Mitotic index, MTT, Phenolics.}, author = {Rukhsana Abdul Rub and Manohar Janardhan Patil and Areej Abdul Siddiqui and Priyanka Rambhau Ghorpade and Alpana Subhod Moghe} } @article {55, title = {Free Radical Scavenging and Cytotoxic Potential of Celosia argentea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {191-197}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {191}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species often leads to pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as cancer. Research states that a diet rich in polyphenols renders many health benefits by scavenging such harmful reactive species. Celosia argentea (Amaranthaceae), a common weed in India has been reported as a potential source of cheap, natural antioxidants due to its phenolic abundance. In this research work efforts were made to identify and screen the phenolic rich fractions of Celosia argentea for their antioxidant and anticancer potential. Materials and Methods: Various solvent fractions with increasing polarity were subjected to total phenolic content, followed by antioxidant assays-DPPH, ABTS and anti proliferative assays- Brine shrimp Bioassay, Antimitotic and MTT assays. Results: IC50 value of methanolic fraction for DPPH assay was statistically significant (26.25; ***P\<0.001) when compared with ascorbic acid (12.50; ***P\<0.001). Also TEAC values for methanolic fraction and BHT (standard) for ABTS assay were similar (2.1; ***P\<0.001) Methanolicfraction at 400 \μg/ml exhibited strong cytotoxicity (9.0 \± 0.81; ***P\<0.001) against brine shrimps comparable to Methotrexate at 50 \μg/ml(10; ***P\<0.001) and significantly reduced mitotic index from 96.8 to 38.0 (***P\<0.001) which was further confirmed by MTT assay where IC50 value of methanolic fraction for SiHa and MCF-7 cells was found to be 28 \μg/ml with no cytotoxicity to normal cells proving its anticancer potential. Conclusion: This research proves antioxidant and anticancer potential of phenolic rich fraction of Celosia argentea and suggests it to be useful in cancer management as antifroliferative, chemo preventive and in cancer chemotherapy induced immune suppression and oxidative stress.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Brine shrimp, Mitotic index, MTT, Phenolics.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.8}, author = {Rukhsana Abdul Rub and Manohar Janardhan Patil and Areej Abdul Siddiqui and Priyanka Rambhau Ghorpade and Alpana Subhod Moghe} } @article {75, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Phytochemicals Present in Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves of Annona muricata: A Further Evidence for Its Medicinal Diversity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {300-304}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {300}, abstract = {

Background: Folk medicine has taken an important place especially in developing countries where limited health services are available. However, the absence of scientific evaluation of medicinal plants may cause serious adverse effects. Objective: To analyze the phytochemical composition of the ethanolic extracts of leaves of Annona muricata using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Materials and methods: GC-MS Analysis was used. Results: The GC-MS Analysis revealed 25 constituents of which 12 of the compounds were identified. The major constituents were two unidentified compounds with percentage peak areas of 23.51\% and 16.8\%. Of the identified compounds, the outstanding in composition were 7-Tetradecenal, (Z) (peak area 9.39\%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (peak area 7.12\%), Oleyl Alcohol (peak area 6.15\%), Phytol (peak area 5.61\%), cis, cis, cis-7,10,13-Hexadecatrienal (peak area 4.26\%), 2-Pentadecanol (peak area 3.93\%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, ethyl ester (peak area 3.21\%), 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl octyl ester (peak area 2.67\%), and 1,E- 11,Z-13-Octadecatriene (peak area 2.15\%), while the rest had less than 2\% composition by peak area. Conclusion: The current study suggests that ethanolic extracts of leaves of Annona muricata are a potent therapeutic agent and paves the way for the development of several treatment regimens based on compounds from this extract.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, Ethanolic extracts, GC-MS, Medicinal diversity, Phytochemicals.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.9}, author = {Yahaya Gavamukulya and Faten Abou-Elella and Fred Wamunyokoli and Hany A El-Shemy} } @article {88, title = {Inhibition of Bacillus anthracis growth by Australian native plants used traditionally as antibacterial medicines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {389-396}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {389}, abstract = {

Introduction: Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It is often fatal if left untreated. Many Australian plants have documented therapeutic properties as general antiseptics, inhibiting the growth of a wide variety of bacterial species. This study examines the ability of selected Australian plant extracts to inhibit B. anthracis growth. Methods: Solvent extracts were prepared using plants with documented ethnobotanical usage to treat bacterial infections, or published antibacterial activity. The extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay for the ability to inhibit the growth of an environmental strain of B. anthracis. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: Methanolic and aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus baileyana and Eucalyptus major displayed potent antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay against B. anthracis. The methanolic extracts were particularly potent with MIC values as low as 290 \μg/mL (E. major methanolic extract). Tasmannia insipidia and Tasmannia stipitata extracts also inhibited B. anthracis growth, albeit with low efficacy. The E. baileyana and E. major methanolic leaf extracts as well as the E. baileyana aqueous leaf extract induced significant mortality in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially \<1000 \μg/mL, indicating the toxicity of these extracts. Conclusion: The potent inhibitory bioactivity of the E. baileyana and E. major extracts against B. anthracis demonstrate their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of anthrax. However, their toxicity indicates that their use may be limited to the treatment of the cutaneous form of the disease, or for sterilisation of infected sites.

}, keywords = {Anthrax, Antibacterial activity, Bacillus anthracis, Eucalyptus, Scaevola spinescens, Tasmannia stipitata, Traditional medicine., Zoonotic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.13}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {49, title = {Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seed extract exhibits fibrino(geno)lytic activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {171-177}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study assesses the fibrinogen and fibrin clot hydrolyzing activities of aqueous seed extract of Jackfruit (AqSEJ). Methods: The protein banding pattern of AqSEJ (100 \μg) was analyzed on SDS-PAGE. The proteolytic activity of AqSEJ was confirmed by spectrophotometer and zymography experiments. Fibrinogen, fibrin and plasma protein hydrolyzing activities of AqSEJ were analyzed on SDS-PAGE under reduced conditions. Plasminogen activation and indirect hemolytic activities was analyzed using spectrophotometer. The non-toxic property of AqSEJ was tested by edema, hemorrhage in experimental mice. Results: AqSEJ exhibited proteolytic activity and the specific activity was found to be 1.04 units/mg/min. Furthermore, AqSEJ non-specifically hydrolyzed A\α, followed by B\β and \γ chains of human fibrinogen and specifically hydrolyzed \α polymer and \α chain of partially cross linked human fibrin clot without affecting \β chain and \γ-\γ dimer even up to the tested dose of 30 \µg for the incubation period of 8 hours. Importantly, AqSEJ did not hydrolyze other plasma proteins and devoid of plasminogen activation property. The proteolytic activity of AqSEJ was completely neutralized by PMSF and IAA, while EDTA, EGTA, 1,10-Phenanthroline did not, suggesting the presence of serine and cysteine family proteases. Moreover, AqSEJ did not cause edema and hemorrhage in experimental mice up to the tested dose of 200 \µg and non-toxic to RBC cells. Conclusion: AqSEJ hydrolyzes fibrinogen and fibrin clot and non-toxic in nature. Hence, this work showcases the potential applications of Jack fruit seed proteases in the treatment of thrombotic disorders.

}, keywords = {Fibrino(geno)lysis, Hemostasis, Jackfruit, Moraceae, Non-hemorrhagic, Serine/cysteine protease.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.5}, author = {Sowmyashree Gangaraju and Bhagyalakshmi Manjappa and Girish Kesturu Subbaiah and Kemparaju Kempaiah and Rangaiah Shashidharamurthy and Jane Hoover Plow and Sebastin Santhosh Martin and Manohar Shinde and Devaraja Sannaningaiah} } @article {1480, title = {Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seed extract exhibits fibrino(geno)lytic activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {09th Mar, 2015}, pages = {171-177}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study assesses the fibrinogen and fibrin clot hydrolyzing activities of aqueous seed extract of Jackfruit (AqSEJ). Methods: The protein banding pattern of AqSEJ (100 \μg) was analyzed on SDS-PAGE. The proteolytic activity of AqSEJ was confirmed by spectrophotometer and zymography experiments. Fibrinogen, fibrin and plasma protein hydrolyzing activities of AqSEJ were analyzed on SDS-PAGE under reduced conditions. Plasminogen activation and indirect hemolytic activities was analyzed using spectrophotometer. The non-toxic property of AqSEJ was tested by edema, hemorrhage in experimental mice. Results: AqSEJ exhibited proteolytic activity and the specific activity was found to be 1.04 units/mg/min. Furthermore, AqSEJ non-specifically hydrolyzed A\α, followed by B\β and \γ chains of human fibrinogen and specifically hydrolyzed \α polymer and \α chain of partially cross linked human fibrin clot without affecting \β chain and \γ-\γ dimer even up to the tested dose of 30 \µg for the incubation period of 8 hours. Importantly, AqSEJ did not hydrolyze other plasma proteins and devoid of plasminogen activation property. The proteolytic activity of AqSEJ was completely neutralized by PMSF and IAA, while EDTA, EGTA, 1,10-Phenanthroline did not, suggesting the presence of serine and cysteine family proteases. Moreover, AqSEJ did not cause edema and hemorrhage in experimental mice up to the tested dose of 200 \µg and nontoxic to RBC cells. Conclusion: AqSEJ hydrolyzes fibrinogen and fibrin clot and non-toxic in nature. Hence, this work showcases the potential applications of Jack fruit seed proteases in the treatment of thrombotic disorders.

Key words: Fibrino(geno)lysis, Hemostasis, Jackfruit, Moraceae, Non-hemorrhagic, Serine/cysteine protease.

}, keywords = {Fibrino(geno)lysis, Hemostasis, Jackfruit, Moraceae, Non-hemorrhagic, Serine/cysteine protease.}, author = {Sowmyashree Gangaraju and Bhagyalakshmi Manjappa and Girish Kesturu Subbaiah and Kemparaju Kempaiah} } @article {70, title = {Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Investigations on fruit of Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {333-338}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {333}, abstract = {

Background: Vaccinium species are hostile nutraceutical fruit in India as well as all over the world. In recent years, Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton is used as a functional food for treating various diseases without authentication. Objective: The current work was investigated to perform the morphoanatomical and physicochemical of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton fruit. Method: Pharmacognostic studies were carried out for different parameters include organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, fluorescence and physicochemical analysis. Results: The fruit was shining burgundy purple in colour having smooth lustrous surface, globular to ellipsoidal in shape with 10-15 mm in length and diameter was 9 mm. The main microscopic characteristic of fruit showed ovules, compact angular parenchyma cells, developed sclerenchymatous outer sheath, central xylem and phloem strands. Fruit powder showed oil bodies, spherical parenchyma cells in large thick masses and walls of the epicarp demonstrated cellulose content. Further, physicochemical examination of fruit powder showed loss on drying, total ash, insoluble ash as 9.23, 7.8, and 9.16\% w/w respectively. The water and alcohol soluble extractives values of the fruit were 24.74 and 76.88\% respectively. Anthocyanins and flavonids were also confirmed by phytochemical screening. Conclusion: A variety of pharmacognostic features was found in fruitful way which may help in identification and standardization of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton fruit in a crude form.

}, keywords = {Fruit, microscopy, Morphoanataomical, Physicochemical analysis, Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.3}, author = {Manisha Khaneja and Sumeet Gupta}, editor = {Anupam Sharma} } @article {73, title = {Phytopharmacological evaluation of aerial parts of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz in Cough Variant Asthma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {296-299}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {296}, abstract = {

Background: Cough variant asthma (CVA) is characterized by prolonged non productive cough which responds to bronchodilator therapy. None of herbal drug is reported to possess pharmacological activity against CVA. Objective: To investigate the pharmacological potential of ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF) against CVA as well as to develop an efficient screening model for CVA. Material and Method: Anti-tussive effect of EEWF was evaluated against nebulized aqueous solution of 0.1 g/ml of citric acid to determine the cough response. EEWF potential was finally accessed against aerosolic mixture of 0.3 g/ml of citric acid mixed with 0.1\% histamine and 2\% acetylcholine chloride to evaluate the convulsive latency, percentage protection and cough frequency against CVA. Results: EEWF at aerosolic dose of 6\% w/v exhibit decrease in of the average coughs frequency (4.83 \± 0.30) which is quite significant effect as compared to standard drug codeine. EEWF against aerosol induced CVA was found to exhibit a significant bronchoprotection of 41.75\% and decreases number of coughs (7.16 \± 0.47) at 200 mg/kg as compared to control (14.16 \± 0.60). Conclusion: EEWF at 200 mg/kg dose exhibited bronchoprotective and anti-tussive effects against aerosol induced CVA.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, Anti-tussive, Bronchoprotection, Citric acid, Cough, Cough variant asthma (CVA), Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF), Histamine.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.8}, author = {Amit Kumar Srivastava and Srivastava Abhinav Siddharth and Nagar Hemant and Srivastava Rajnish and Deepa and Shukla Gaurav} } @article {1444, title = {Phytopharmacological evaluation of aerial parts of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz in Cough Variant Asthma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {8th June 2015}, pages = {5-5}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Cough variant asthma (CVA) is characterized by prolonged non productive cough which responds to bronchodilator therapy. None of herbal drug is reported to possess pharmacological activity against CVA. Objective: To investigate the pharmacological potential of ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF) against CVA as well as to develop an efficient screening model for CVA. Material and Method: Antitussive effect of EEWF was evaluated against nebulized aqueous solution of 0.1 g/ml of citric acid to determine the cough response. EEWF potential was finally accessed against aerosolic mixture of 0.3 g/ml of citric acid mixed with 0.1\% histamine and 2\% acetylcholine chloride to evaluate the convulsive latency, percentage protection and cough frequency against CVA. Results: EEWF at aerosolic dose of 6\% w/v exhibit decrease in of the average coughs frequency (4.83\±0.30) which is quite significant effect as compared to standard drug codeine. EEWF against aerosol induced CVA was found to exhibit a significant bronchoprotection of 41.75\% and decreases number of coughs (7.16\±0.47) at 200 mg/kg as compared to control (14.16\±0.60). Conclusion: EEWF at 200 mg/kg dose exhibited bronchoprotective and antitussive effects against aerosol induced CVA.

Keywords: Acetylcholine, Antitussive, Bronchoprotection, Citric acid, Cough, Cough variant asthma (CVA), Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF), Histamine.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, Antitussive, Bronchoprotection, Citric acid, Cough, Cough variant asthma (CVA), Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF), Histamine}, author = {Amit Kumar Srivastava and Srivastava Abhinav Siddharth and Nagar Hemant and Srivastava Rajnish and Deepa and Shukla Gaurav} } @article {1535, title = {Alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity of hydro-methanolic (2:3) extract of seed of Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {63-69}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Objectives: Present study investigated the effect of hydro-methanolic extract of seed of Swietenia mahagoni (HMESM) on a-glucosidase inhibition in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Oral carbohydrate tolerance tests were performed in 16h fasted normal and diabetic rats loaded with starch or sucrose or glucose at the dose of 3g/kg, 15min after administration of 250 (S1), 500 (S2), 1000 (S3) mg/kg of HMESM, vehicle (control),or pretreatment at the dose of 10 mg/kg of acarbose (Acar). Blood samples were analyzed for glucose levels at 0, 30th, 60th, and 120th min after respective treatments and the peak blood glucose (PBG) levels and area under the curves (AUC) were determined. Results: Results demonstrated that 500 mg, 1000 mg/kg of HMESM reduced and prolonged the PBG and decreased AUC simultaneously after starch and sucrose loading in normal and diabetic rats. Similarly acarbose also reduce the sucrose and starch induced blood glucose excursion, whereas it had no peak blood glucose suppressive effect after exogenous glucose load in both normal and diabetic rats. On the other hand, phytochemical study of the said extract revealed that it is rich in phenolic compounds (46.25 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of extract) and flavonoids (231.72 mg of quercetin equivalent/g of the extract), which may may responsible for pharmacological activities. Conclusion: The HMESM may have PBG suppressive effect in post-carbohydrate challenged state as evidenced by reduced PBG and AUC. This suggest that HMESM may be used effectively as a safer alternative to control postprandial hyperglycemia especially in pre-diabetic and diabetic patients.

Key words: Streptozotocin,∝-glucosidase, Postprandial hyperglycemia, Total flavono.

}, keywords = {a-glucosidase, Postprandial hyperglycemia, Streptozotocin, Total flavonoids}, author = {Tushar Kanti Bera, and Kausik Chatterjee, and Debidas Ghosh} } @article {1490, title = {The Effects of Topical Carvacrol Application on Wound Healing Process in Male Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {10-13}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Carvacrol containing products such as Origanum onites have been used as phytotherapeutic agents in the treatment of serious skin injury. It has been suggested that carvacrol is the active component of these herbs because of its anti-microbial property. With the anti-microbial activity and as an ingredient of these herbs, carvacrol is a promising molecule for the treatment of skin injury. In the present study, we have evaluated the efficacy of carvacrol on healing progress after excisional skin injury. Here, Wistar-Albino rats were divided into two groups and treated with carvacrol and vehicle. Carvacrol was administrated topically at a concentration of \%12.5 for the 5 consecutive days after excisional skin injury. Tissue samples were harvested on days 3rd, 8th and 12th after injury. Significant beneficial effect of carvacrol was observed at the end of the experiment. In the acute phase of the injury, carvacrol treatment increased tissue granulation and decreased wound depth moderately. These effect of carvacrol was associated with increased TNF-\α. However, at the second half of the experiment the elevated level of TGF-B1 was observed as compared with control animals. The level of IL-1 was increased in carvacrol treated animals only on day 8. Here, we provide evidence that carvacrol improves wound healing by regulating pro- inflammatory molecules TNF-\α, IL-1 and TGF-\β1.

Key words: carvacrol, wound healing, TNF-\α, IL-1, TGF-\β1, aromatic herbs.

}, keywords = {carvacrol; wound healing; TNF-α; IL-1β; TGF-β1; aromatic herbs.}, author = {Mehmet Y Gunal and Aylin O Heper, and Nezahat Zaloglu} } @article {1519, title = {Estrogenic Effect of Methanolic Extract of Avicennia alba Blume. Aerial Parts in Female Wistar Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {53-58}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objectives: To investigate the estrogenic effect of Avicennia alba (Blume) aerial parts as identified in the folklore recipes as a contraceptive Methodology: The estrogenic activity study of the methanolic extract was carried out by studying the histopathology of the uterus. The uterine weight and vaginal cornification were also observed. The diameter of uterus, thickness of endometrium and height of the endometrial epithelium were measured using a calibrated ocular micrometer. The estimation of total protein and cholesterol was carried out using a standard method described by Lowely et al. Results: The presence of alkaloids, anthraquinone glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, polyphenolics were detected in the aerial parts of Avicennia alba. The methanolic extract of Avicennia alba at 400 mg/kg body weight showed a significant (p\< 0.05) increase in uterine weight, diameter of uterus, thickness of endometrium and height of the endometrial epithelium compared to the control. There was increase in vaginal cornification status. The histological examination of the uterus also showed estrogenic influence. A significant increase (p\< 0.05) in total protein and cholesterol content in the uterus of standard and test drug treated rats was also observed. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Avicennia alba at 400 mg/kg body weight showed significant estrogenic activity and the results are in consistent with the folkloric claim reports related to oral contraceptive effect of Avicennia alba

Key words:Avicennia alba, contraceptive, estrogenic activity, uterus.

}, keywords = {Avicennia alba, contraceptive, Estrogenic activity, Uterus}, author = {D R Kar and G Ghosh and P K Sahu} } @article {1523, title = {Isolation of Phytochemicals From Anticancer Active Extracts of Syzygium alternifolium Walp. Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {83-85}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present study was to isolate the phyto molecules from the leaf of endemic medicinal pant, Syzygium alternifolium. The phytochemical investigation of the leaf of the plant yielded a flavonoid Eucalyptin 1 and a triterpinoid Epibetulinic acid 2 in pure state. Results: The compound 1 is being reported for the first time from this plant. The anti-cancer activity showed leaf hexane extract (IC50 values 8.177 and 2.687 \µg/ml) was significantly active, when compared to extracts and compounds, against human cancer cell lines MCF-7 and DU-145. Also, hexane extract potentially inhibited the growth of DU-145 cell lines when compared with the reference compound doxorubicin. Amongst the isolated compounds, 1 was better cytotoxic than 2. Conclusion: The hexane extract of leaves of S. alternifolium yielded compounds 1 and 2 and the structure elucidation, based on spectroscopy, revealed them as Eucalyptin and Epibetulinic acid respectively. The compound 1 is being reported for the first time from this plant. The anti-cancer activity showed leaf hexane extract (IC50 values 8.177 and 2.687 mg/mL) was significantly active, when compared to extracts and compounds, against human cancer cell lines MCF-7 and DU-145. Also, hexane extract potentially inhibited the growth of DU-145 cell lines when compared with the reference compound doxorubicin. Amongst the isolated compounds, 1 was better cytotoxic than 2.

Key Words: Syzygium alternifolium, Myrtaceae, Eucalyptin, Epibetulinic acid, anticancer activity.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Epibetulinic acid, Eucalyptin, Myrtaceae, Syzygium alternifolium}, author = {B. Komuraiah and Srinivas Chinde and A. Niranjana Kumar and K.V.N. Satya Srinivas and Ch. Venu and J. Kotesh Kumar and K.P. Sastry and Paramjit Grover} } @article {1547, title = {Pharmacognostic study of root of Combretum albidum G. Don}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {28-33}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Combretum albidum G. Don commonly known as Buffalo calf. The C. albidum is used for diverse health ailments in traditional and folklore remedies. Objective: The present study was undertaken to lay down pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards for Combretum albidum G. Don. Material and Methods: The pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical, fluorescence and phytochemical analysis. Physicochemical parameters such as total ash, moisture content, extractive values are determined as per WHO guidelines. The microscopical features of root components are observed with Nikon labphoto 2 microscopic unit. Results: The morphologically, root are pale brown colored, cylindrical with slightly bitter in taste and agreeable odour. Distinguishingly roots showed root scares, rootlet and fibrous fracture. Microscopy of root consists of thick epidermis, periderm, and cortex with sclerenchyma cells. Vascular cylinder includes thin phloem and thick, solid and dense xylem cylinder. The prismatic calcium oxalates were observed. Powder microscopy of root revealed that fibres were fairly wide and densely packed with starch grains. The fluorescence and physicochemical standards for root were established. Phytochemically root showed the presence of carbohydrate, glycoside, saponin, flavonoid, phytosterols and phenolic compounds. Conclusion: There is no pharmacognostic and phytochemical reports on C. albidum to authenticate and differentiate them from similar species. Therefore, present work was undertaken and established the pharmacognostic and phytochemical characteristics of C. albidum and diagnostic features to differentiate it.

Key words: Combretum albidum, Microscopy, Macroscopy, Phytochemical, Fluorescence analysis.

}, keywords = {Combretum albidum, Fluorescence analysis, Macroscopy, microscopy, Phytochemical}, author = {Ashish S. Zalke and B. Duraiswamy and Upendra B. Gandagule} } @article {1533, title = {Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Studies of Stem Bark of Ailanthus Excelsa Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {21-Aug,2014}, pages = {1-4}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

The present study was aimed for Pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical studies of stem bark of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb belonging to the family Simarubaceae. The pharmacognostic investigation was carried out in terms of macroscopic, microscopic parameters. The extract obtained after successive Soxhlet extraction of dried and coarsely powdered stem bark using Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and distilled water were subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of Carbohydrates, Proteins, phytosterols and triterpenenoids. The present investigation reflects the structural identity and chemical nature of the crude drug which could be useful in laying down pharmacopoeial standards as standardization is an important aspect in assessing the quality, safety and efficacy of herbal medicines.

Key words:Ailanthus excelsa roxb , pharmacognostic, phytochemical, structural identity

}, keywords = {Ailanthus excelsa roxb, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, structural identity.}, author = {Vaibhav Srivastava and Subodh Dubey and Varun Chaddha and Gaurav Goyanar} } @article {1516, title = {Protective Effects of Beetroot Extract against Phenyl Hydrazine Induced Anemia in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {1-4}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Anemia can be regarded as one of the oldest blood malformation known over a century. Megaloblastic anemia arises due to curtailed formation of erythrocytes, which leads to formation of a large number of underdeveloped erythrocytes. Proper nutritional supplementation may be useful in such condition. Beta vulgaris or beetroot is one of the important vegetables consumed worldwide. The aim of the present work was to evaluate anti-anemic potential of beetroot. Methods: Beetroot was extracted with ethanol. Phytochemical and phytoanalytical studies were performed on extract. Anemia was induced by phenyl-hydrazine. Animals were treated with extract throughout the study for 24 days. The red blood cell (RBC) number and hemoglobin concentration were determined every 3 days for 24 days. Results: Extract was found to be rich in folic acid, ascorbic acid, and iron. Following the induction of anemia, the number of erythrocytes and the hemoglobin concentration decreased by 62.51\% and 69.64\%, respectively. Administration of standard hematinic preparation and extract (200 mg/kg) resulted in signifi cant increase (P\< 0.001; P\< 0.01) in the number of RBCs as well as hemoglobin concentration when compared to the untreated phenyl hydrazine-induced anemic rats. Conclusion: Extract effectively raised the level of hemoglobin and erythrocyte count at dose 200 mg/kg. Vitamin and minerals found in beetroot are most likely active ingredients responsible for its hematinic effects. Still, methodical studies are obligatory to derive its effects on humans.

Key words:Beta vulgaris, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, phenyl hydrazine.

}, keywords = {Beta vulgaris, erythrocytes, Hemoglobin, phenyl hydrazine}, author = {Anupam Jaiswal and Aditya Ganeshpurkar and Ankita Awasthi and Divya Bansal and Nazneen Dubey} } @article {1532, title = {Study on the antioxidant activities of root extracts of Zizyphus lotus from the western region of Algeria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {32-42}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objective: To find a new natural source of antioxidant, the phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of some secondary metabolites extracted from roots of Ziziphus lotus were evaluated. Methods: The total polyphenol contents were determined spectrophotometrically. Pyrrocatechol, catechin and cyanidin equivalents were used for these parameters. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by several in vitro systems of assays, namely DPPH radical scavenging activity method, b-Carotene Bleaching assay (BCB), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay (FRA P) and Total Antioxidant capacity test (TAC). Results: The quantitative estimation showed that the roots of Z. lotus were rich in polyphenols ( 20.09 mg PE/g DW) and proanthocyannidins (1.56\%) and they contained a small amount of flavonoids (0.02 mg CE/g DW). The most fractions exhibited high antioxidant activities, and some even showed higher potency than the standard synthetic antioxidants in some instances. In DPPH assay, all extracts had shown significant inhibition (58.535 \– 94.730\% at 1 mg/mL). In addition, the IC50 values ranged from 0.211 to 0.816 mg/mL, compared to 0.110, 0.214, 0.214 and 0.413 mg/mL for gallic acid, tannic acid, butylated-hydroxyanisol and ascorbic acid respectively. In (BCB) assay, the extracts showed strong inhibition (55.55 \– 100.00\% at 1 mg/mL) and the IC50 values ranging from 0.123 to 0.850 mg/mL compared to 0.433 mg/mL for gallic acid. A dose dependant curve was obtained for all extracts in the FRAP assay. However, the antioxidant potencies of ascorbic acid and extracts were comparable at low concentrations. The majority of extracts showed the highest value of antioxidant activity, based on TAC test (0.073 \– 0.398 mg ascorbic acid / mg extract). Conclusion: The results indicate that Z. lotus roots could be an important sources of natural antioxidants.

Key words:Ziziphus lotus, Polyphenol contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity assay, b-Carotene Bleaching assay, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay, Total Antioxidant Capacity test.

}, keywords = {b-Carotene Bleaching assay, DPPH radical scavenging activity assay, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay, Polyphenol contents, Total Antioxidant Capacity test, Ziziphus lotus}, author = {Meriem GHALEM and Salima MERGHACHE and Meriem BELARBI} } @article {1554, title = {Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of didehydrostemofoline, stemofoline alkaloids and extracts from Stemona collinsiae Craib roots}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {56-59}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition is one of insect toxicity mechanisms found in many plants. Stemona collinsiae Craib, a traditional insecticidal plant, has been of interest for its AChE inhibitory activity. Methods: Powdered roots of S. collinsiae were successively extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol. The contents of major active insecticidal components, didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline alkaloids, were analyzed by HPLC. Anti-AChE activity was evaluated using Ellman\’s colorimetric method and TLC-bioautography. Results: The contents of didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline alkaloids in the hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol extracts were 3.59 and 0.18, 40.78 and 0.74, and 1.43 and 0.09\% w/w, respectively. TLC fingerprints of each extract showed major spots of didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline of which TLC bioassays indicated active AChE inhibitory activity. IC50 values on anti-AChE activities of hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts were 126.72, 73.78, and \>1000 mg/ml, respectively while those of didehydrostemofoline, stemofoline, and standard galanthamine were 131.3, 102.1, and 1.30 mM, respectively. Conclusion: The AChE inhibitory activity of hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts from S. collinsiae roots and their major alkaloids, didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline, were determined. The data support the traditional utilization of this plant as a natural insecticide.

Key words: Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, Didehydrostemofoline, Stemofoline, Stemona collinsiae, Stemonaceae.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, Didehydrostemofoline, Stemofoline, Stemona collinsiae, Stemonaceae}, author = {Sumet Kongkiatpaiboon and Piyanuch Rojsanga, and Virote Pattarajinda, and Wandee Gritsanapan} }